References

2017

Vestberg, Torbjörn; Reinebo, Gustaf; Maurex, Liselotte; Ingvar, Martin; Petrovic, Predrag

Core executive functions are associated with success in young elite soccer players Journal Article

In: PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1–13, 2017, ISBN: 19326203.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adolescents, Age groups, attention, behavior, Biology and life sciences, cognition, Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive psychology, Cognitive science, Creativity, Inhibitions, Learning and memory, Memory, Neuroscience, People and places, Population groupings, psychology, recreation, Research Article, Social sciences, Sports, Sports science, working memory

@article{Vestberg2017,

title = {Core executive functions are associated with success in young elite soccer players},

author = {Vestberg, Torbj\"{o}rn and Reinebo, Gustaf and Maurex, Liselotte and Ingvar, Martin and Petrovic, Predrag},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0170845},

isbn = {19326203},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {12},

number = {2},

pages = {1--13},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Physical capacity and coordination cannot alone predict success in team sports such as soccer. Instead, more focus has been directed towards the importance of cognitive abilities, and it has been suggested that executive functions (EF) are fundamentally important for success in soccer. However, executive functions are going through a steep development from adolescence to adulthood. Moreover, more complex EF involving manipulation of information (higher level EF) develop later than simple executive functions such as those linked to simple working memory capacity (Core EF). The link between EF and success in young soccer players is therefore not obvious. In the present study we investigated whether EF are associated with success in soccer in young elite soccer players. We performed tests measuring core EF (a demanding working memory task involving a variable n-back task; dWM) and higher level EF (Design Fluency test; DF). Color-Word Interference Test and Trail Making Test were performed on an exploratory level as they contain a linguistic element. The lower level EF test (dWM) was taken from CogStateSport computerized concussion testing and the higher level EF test (DF) was from Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System test battery (D-KEFS). In a group of young elite soccer players (n = 30; aged 12\textendash19 years) we show that they perform better than the norm in both the dWM (+0.49 SD) and DF (+0.86 SD). Moreover, we could show that both dWM and DF correlate with the number of goals the players perform during the season. The effect was more prominent for dWM (r = 0.437) than for DF (r = 0.349), but strongest for a combined measurement (r = 0.550). The effect was still present when we controlled for intelligence, length and age in a partial correlation analysis. Thus, our study suggests that both core and higher level EF may predict success in soccer also in young players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},

keywords = {adolescents, Age groups, attention, behavior, Biology and life sciences, cognition, Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive psychology, Cognitive science, Creativity, Inhibitions, Learning and memory, Memory, Neuroscience, People and places, Population groupings, psychology, recreation, Research Article, Social sciences, Sports, Sports science, working memory},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Montenigro, P H; Alosco, M L; Martin, B M; Daneshvar, D H; Mez, J; Chaisson, C E; Nowinski, C J; Au, R; McKee, A C; Cantu, R C; McClean, M D; Stern, R A; Tripodis, Y

Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players Journal Article

In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 328–340, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: behavior, cognition, Concussion, football, long-term impairment, subconcussive impacts

@article{Montenigro2017,

title = {Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players},

author = {Montenigro, P H and Alosco, M L and Martin, B M and Daneshvar, D H and Mez, J and Chaisson, C E and Nowinski, C J and Au, R and McKee, A C and Cantu, R C and McClean, M D and Stern, R A and Tripodis, Y},

doi = {10.1089/neu.2016.4413},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},

volume = {34},

number = {2},

pages = {328--340},

abstract = {The term "repetitive head impacts" (RHI) refers to the cumulative exposure to concussive and subconcussive events. Although RHI are believed to increase risk for later-life neurological consequences (including chronic traumatic encephalopathy), quantitative analysis of this relationship has not yet been examined because of the lack of validated tools to quantify lifetime RHI exposure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop a metric to quantify cumulative RHI exposure from football, which we term the "cumulative head impact index" (CHII); 2) to use the CHII to examine the association between RHI exposure and long-term clinical outcomes; and 3) to evaluate its predictive properties relative to other exposure metrics (i.e., duration of play, age of first exposure, concussion history). Participants included 93 former high school and collegiate football players who completed objective cognitive and self-reported behavioral/mood tests as part of a larger ongoing longitudinal study. Using established cutoff scores, we transformed continuous outcomes into dichotomous variables (normal vs. impaired). The CHII was computed for each participant and derived from a combination of self-reported athletic history (i.e., number of seasons, position[s], levels played), and impact frequencies reported in helmet accelerometer studies. A bivariate probit, instrumental variable model revealed a threshold dose-response relationship between the CHII and risk for later-life cognitive impairment (p \< 0.0001), self-reported executive dysfunction (p \< 0.0001), depression (p \< 0.0001), apathy (p = 0.0161), and behavioral dysregulation (p \< 0.0001). Ultimately, the CHII demonstrated greater predictive validity than other individual exposure metrics. Copyright © 2017, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2017.},

keywords = {behavior, cognition, Concussion, football, long-term impairment, subconcussive impacts},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

2016

Silverberg, N D; Berkner, P D; Atkins, J E; Zafonte, R; Iverson, G L

Relationship between Short Sleep Duration and Preseason Concussion Testing Journal Article

In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 226–231, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent, adult, Article, Athletes, balance disorder, brain concussion, cognition, cognition assessment, cohort analysis, cross-sectional study, descriptive research, Dizziness, drowsiness, emotionality, fatigue, Female, headache, high school, human, human experiment, Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive, irritability, Male, memory disorder, mental concentration, nausea, nervousness, neuropsychological test, night sleep, normal human, observational study, paresthesia, Post Concussion Symptom Scale, postconcussion syndrome, priority journal, response time, sadness, sex difference, sleep deprivation, sleep disorder, sleep initiation and maintenance disorders, sleep time, UNITED States, verbal memory, visual disorder, visual memory, vomiting

@article{Silverberg2016,

title = {Relationship between Short Sleep Duration and Preseason Concussion Testing},

author = {Silverberg, N D and Berkner, P D and Atkins, J E and Zafonte, R and Iverson, G L},

doi = {10.1097/JSM.0000000000000241},

year = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},

volume = {26},

number = {3},

pages = {226--231},

abstract = {Objective: Baseline, preseason assessment of cognition, symptoms, and balance has been recommended as part of a comprehensive sport concussion management program. We examined the relationship between sleep and baseline test results. We hypothesized that adolescents who slept fewer hours the night before would report more symptoms and perform more poorly on cognitive testing than students who had a full night sleep. Design: Cross-sectional observation study. Setting: Preseason concussion testing for high school athletes. Participants: A large sample (n 2928) of student athletes from Maine, USA, between the ages of 13 and 18 years completed preseason testing. Participants with developmental problems, a history of treatment for neurological or psychiatric problems, recent concussion, or 3 or more prior concussions were excluded. Assessment of Risk Factors: Athletes were divided into 4 groups based on their sleep duration the night before testing. Main Outcome Measures: Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT; ImPACT Applications, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA) cognitive composite scores and the embedded Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. Results: Sleep was not related to any ImPACT cognitive composite score, after covarying for age and controlling for multiple comparisons. In contrast, there were sleep duration, sex, and sleep duration by sex effects on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. The effect of sleep duration on symptom reporting was more pronounced in girls. Supplementary analyses suggested that sleep insufficiency was associated with a diverse array of postconcussion-like symptoms. Conclusions: Poor sleep the night before baseline or postinjury testing may be an important confound when assessing postconcussion symptoms. Girls may be more vulnerable to experiencing and reporting symptoms following insufficient sleep. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should routinely ask how the athlete slept the night before preseason baseline testing and consider deferring the symptom assessment or later retesting athletes who slept poorly. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Article, Athletes, balance disorder, brain concussion, cognition, cognition assessment, cohort analysis, cross-sectional study, descriptive research, Dizziness, drowsiness, emotionality, fatigue, Female, headache, high school, human, human experiment, Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive, irritability, Male, memory disorder, mental concentration, nausea, nervousness, neuropsychological test, night sleep, normal human, observational study, paresthesia, Post Concussion Symptom Scale, postconcussion syndrome, priority journal, response time, sadness, sex difference, sleep deprivation, sleep disorder, sleep initiation and maintenance disorders, sleep time, UNITED States, verbal memory, visual disorder, visual memory, vomiting},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Objective: Baseline, preseason assessment of cognition, symptoms, and balance has been recommended as part of a comprehensive sport concussion management program. We examined the relationship between sleep and baseline test results. We hypothesized that adolescents who slept fewer hours the night before would report more symptoms and perform more poorly on cognitive testing than students who had a full night sleep. Design: Cross-sectional observation study. Setting: Preseason concussion testing for high school athletes. Participants: A large sample (n 2928) of student athletes from Maine, USA, between the ages of 13 and 18 years completed preseason testing. Participants with developmental problems, a history of treatment for neurological or psychiatric problems, recent concussion, or 3 or more prior concussions were excluded. Assessment of Risk Factors: Athletes were divided into 4 groups based on their sleep duration the night before testing. Main Outcome Measures: Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT; ImPACT Applications, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA) cognitive composite scores and the embedded Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. Results: Sleep was not related to any ImPACT cognitive composite score, after covarying for age and controlling for multiple comparisons. In contrast, there were sleep duration, sex, and sleep duration by sex effects on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. The effect of sleep duration on symptom reporting was more pronounced in girls. Supplementary analyses suggested that sleep insufficiency was associated with a diverse array of postconcussion-like symptoms. Conclusions: Poor sleep the night before baseline or postinjury testing may be an important confound when assessing postconcussion symptoms. Girls may be more vulnerable to experiencing and reporting symptoms following insufficient sleep. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should routinely ask how the athlete slept the night before preseason baseline testing and consider deferring the symptom assessment or later retesting athletes who slept poorly. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Belanger, H G; Vanderploeg, R D; McAllister, T

Subconcussive blows to the head: A formative review of short-term clinical outcomes Journal Article

In: Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 159–166, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Balance, cognition, Concussion, mild TBI, neuropsychological, Outcomes, subconcussion

@article{Belanger2016b,

title = {Subconcussive blows to the head: A formative review of short-term clinical outcomes},

author = {Belanger, H G and Vanderploeg, R D and McAllister, T},

doi = {10.1097/HTR.0000000000000138},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation},

volume = {31},

number = {3},

pages = {159--166},

abstract = {Background: Given questions about "lower thresholds" for concussion, as well as possible effects of repetitive concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and associated controversy, there is increasing interest in "subconcussive" blows and their potential significance. Objective: A formative review with critical examination of the developing literature on subconcussive blows in athletes with an emphasis on clinical outcomes. Methods: Studies of biomechanical, performance and/or symptom-based, and neuroimaging data were identified via PubMed search and critically reviewed. Five studies of symptom reporting/performance and 4 studies of neuroimaging were included. Results: The relation between biomechanical parameters and diagnosed concussion is not straightforward (ie, it is not the case that greater and more force leads to more severe injury or cognitive/behavioral sequelae). Neuropsychological studies of subconcussive blows within a single athletic season have failed to demonstrate any strong and consistent relations between number and severity of subconcussive events and cognitive change. Recent studies using neuroimaging have demonstrated a potential cumulative effect of subconcussive blows, at least in a subset of individuals. Conclusion: Human studies of the neurological/neuropsychological impact of subconcussive blows are currently quite limited. Subconcussive blows, in the short-term, have not been shown to cause significant clinical effects. To date, findings suggest that any effect of subconcussive blows is likely to be small or nonexistent, perhaps evident in a subset of individuals on select measures, and maybe even beneficial in some cases. Longerterm prospective studies are needed to determine if there is a cumulative dose effect. © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.},

keywords = {Balance, cognition, Concussion, mild TBI, neuropsychological, Outcomes, subconcussion},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Nelson, L D; Guskiewicz, K M; Barr, W B; Hammeke, T A; Randolph, C; Ahn, K W; Wang, Y; McCrea, M A

Age Differences in Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion: A Comparison of High School and Collegiate Athletes Journal Article

In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 142–152, 2016.

Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Age Factors, cognition, Female, Football/in [Injuries], Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], Recovery of Function, Risk Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], Students, Time Factors

@article{Nelson2016b,

title = {Age Differences in Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion: A Comparison of High School and Collegiate Athletes},

author = {Nelson, L D and Guskiewicz, K M and Barr, W B and Hammeke, T A and Randolph, C and Ahn, K W and Wang, Y and McCrea, M A},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},

volume = {51},

number = {2},

pages = {142--152},

abstract = {CONTEXT: Younger age has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for prolonged recovery after sport-related concussion, yet few studies have directly evaluated age differences in acute recovery. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical recovery patterns for high school and collegiate athletes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Large, multicenter prospective sample collected from 1999-2003 in a sports medicine setting. SUBJECTS: Concussed athletes (n = 621; 545 males and 76 females) and uninjured controls (n = 150) participating in high school and collegiate contact and collision sports (79% in football, 15.7% in soccer, and the remainder in lacrosse or ice hockey). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Participants underwent evaluation of symptoms (Graded Symptom Checklist), cognition (Standardized Assessment of Concussion, paper-and-pencil neuropsychological tests), and postural stability (Balance Error Scoring System). Athletes were evaluated preinjury and followed serially at several time points after concussive injury: immediately, 3 hours postinjury, and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 45 or 90 (with neuropsychological measures administered at baseline and 3 postinjury time points). RESULTS: Comparisons of concussed high school and collegiate athletes with uninjured controls suggested that high school athletes took 1 to 2 days longer to recover on a cognitive (Standardized Assessment of Concussion) measure. Comparisons with the control group on other measures (symptoms, balance) as well as direct comparisons between concussed high school and collegiate samples revealed no differences in the recovery courses between the high school and collegiate groups on any measure. Group-level recovery occurred at or before 7 days postinjury on all assessment metrics. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest no clinically significant age differences exist in recovery after sport-related concussion, and therefore, separate injury-management protocols are not needed for high school and collegiate athletes.},

keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Age Factors, cognition, Female, Football/in [Injuries], Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], Recovery of Function, Risk Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], Students, Time Factors},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

CONTEXT: Younger age has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for prolonged recovery after sport-related concussion, yet few studies have directly evaluated age differences in acute recovery. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical recovery patterns for high school and collegiate athletes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Large, multicenter prospective sample collected from 1999-2003 in a sports medicine setting. SUBJECTS: Concussed athletes (n = 621; 545 males and 76 females) and uninjured controls (n = 150) participating in high school and collegiate contact and collision sports (79% in football, 15.7% in soccer, and the remainder in lacrosse or ice hockey). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Participants underwent evaluation of symptoms (Graded Symptom Checklist), cognition (Standardized Assessment of Concussion, paper-and-pencil neuropsychological tests), and postural stability (Balance Error Scoring System). Athletes were evaluated preinjury and followed serially at several time points after concussive injury: immediately, 3 hours postinjury, and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 45 or 90 (with neuropsychological measures administered at baseline and 3 postinjury time points). RESULTS: Comparisons of concussed high school and collegiate athletes with uninjured controls suggested that high school athletes took 1 to 2 days longer to recover on a cognitive (Standardized Assessment of Concussion) measure. Comparisons with the control group on other measures (symptoms, balance) as well as direct comparisons between concussed high school and collegiate samples revealed no differences in the recovery courses between the high school and collegiate groups on any measure. Group-level recovery occurred at or before 7 days postinjury on all assessment metrics. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest no clinically significant age differences exist in recovery after sport-related concussion, and therefore, separate injury-management protocols are not needed for high school and collegiate athletes.

Brooks, Brian L; Holdnack, James A; Iverson, Grant L

To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults Journal Article

In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1026–1036, 2016, ISBN: 08876177.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cognition, Cognition Disorders, COGNITIVE testing, Geropsychology, Memory testing, mild cognitive impairment, Multivariate, MULTIVARIATE analysis, Psychometrics, Reliable change index, test-retest

@article{Brooks2016bc,

title = {To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults},

author = {Brooks, Brian L and Holdnack, James A and Iverson, Grant L},

doi = {10.1093/arclin/acw079},

isbn = {08876177},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},

volume = {31},

number = {8},

pages = {1026--1036},

abstract = {Objective: The rate at which people obtain reliably improved or declined cognitive test scores when retested, in the absence of a change in clinical condition, is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the prevalence of statistically reliable change scores on memory test batteries in healthy adults and older adults. Method: Participants included three adult and older adult test-retest samples from memory test batteries. Reliable change scores (reliable change index with 90% confidence interval and practice effects) were calculated for the indexes and subtests of each battery. Multivariate analyses involved calculating the frequencies of healthy people obtaining one or more reliably declined or one or more reliably improved scores when considering all change scores simultaneously within each battery. Results: Across all batteries, having one or more reliably changed index or subtest score on retest was common. With most batteries, having two or more reliably changed scores was uncommon. Those with higher intellectual abilities were more likely to have a change on retest; however, no significant differences in base rates were found based on education level, sex, or ethnic minority status. Those older adults who did not have any low memory scores were more likely to improve than decline on retest. Conclusions: Having a single reliably changed score on retest is common when interpreting a battery of memory measures. This has implications for determining cognitive decline and cognitive recovery, suggesting that multivariate interpretation is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},

keywords = {cognition, Cognition Disorders, COGNITIVE testing, Geropsychology, Memory testing, mild cognitive impairment, Multivariate, MULTIVARIATE analysis, Psychometrics, Reliable change index, test-retest},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Leddy, J J; Baker, J G; Willer, B

Active Rehabilitation of Concussion and Post-concussion Syndrome Journal Article

In: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 437–454, 2016.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: Active, aerobic exercise, athlete, autonomic dysfunction, brain blood flow, Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test, cognition, cognitive behavioral therapy, Cognitive rehabilitation, Concussion, DISEASE exacerbation, disease severity, exercise tolerance, functional assessment, functional magnetic resonance imaging, head injury, human, motor dysfunction, nerve cell plasticity, nonhuman, ocular motor dysfunction, ocular therapy, oculomotor training therapy, Pathophysiology, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, Physical Examination, PHYSIOLOGY, physiotherapy, post concussion syndrome, Post-Concussion Syndrome, priority journal, Psychoeducation, psychologic assessment, Rehabilitation, rehabilitation care, rest, Review, Social behavior, social psychology, sport related concussion, traumatic brain injury, Treatment, treatment contraindication, vestibular disorder, Vestibular therapy

Kasamatsu, T; Cleary, M; Bennett, J; Howard, K; McLeod, T V

Examining Academic Support After Concussion for the Adolescent Student-Athlete: Perspectives of the Athletic Trainer Journal Article

In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 153–161, 2016.

Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/px [Psychology], *Brain Concussion/px [Psychology], *Interdisciplinary Communication, *Learning, *Physical Education and Training, Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Faculty, Humans, Schools, Surveys and Questionnaires

@article{Kasamatsu2016a,

title = {Examining Academic Support After Concussion for the Adolescent Student-Athlete: Perspectives of the Athletic Trainer},

author = {Kasamatsu, T and Cleary, M and Bennett, J and Howard, K and McLeod, T V},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},

volume = {51},

number = {2},

pages = {153--161},

abstract = {CONTEXT: Student-athletes may require cognitive rest and academic support after concussion. Athletic trainers (ATs) in secondary schools are uniquely positioned to provide medical care and to collaborate with school professionals while managing concussions. However, little is known regarding return-to-learn policies and their implementation in secondary schools. OBJECTIVE: To examine ATs' perspectives on return to learn, cognitive rest, and communication with school professionals after concussion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Web-based survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1124 secondary school ATs completed the survey (28.5% response rate). The majority of participants were employed full time (752/1114 [67.5%]) in public schools (911/1117 [81.6%]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): School and AT employment characteristics, demographics, number of concussions evaluated annually, and perceptions of school professionals' familiarity with ATs' responsibilities were independent variables. RESULTS: Of the ATs, 44% reported having an existing return-to-learn policy. The strongest predictor of a return-to-learn policy was frequent communication with teachers after concussion (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 1.7). Most ATs recommended complete cognitive rest (eg, no reading, television; 492/1087 [45.3%]) or limited cognitive activity based upon symptoms (391/1087 [36.0%]). Common academic accommodations were postponed due dates (789/954 [82.7%]), rest breaks (765/954 [80.2%]), and partial attendance (740/954 [77.6%]). Athletic trainers self-reported as primary monitors of health (764/1037 [73.7%]) and academic progression (359/1011 [35.5%]). The strongest predictor of ATs' communication with school professionals was their perception of school professionals' understanding of ATs' roles. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, ATs followed best practices for cognitive rest and return to learn after concussion. Although ATs are central to the management of student-athletes' physical health after concussion, school professionals may be better suited to monitor academic progress. Increased communication between the AT and school professionals is recommended to monitor recovery and facilitate academic support for symptomatic student-athletes.},

keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/px [Psychology], *Brain Concussion/px [Psychology], *Interdisciplinary Communication, *Learning, *Physical Education and Training, Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Faculty, Humans, Schools, Surveys and Questionnaires},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

CONTEXT: Student-athletes may require cognitive rest and academic support after concussion. Athletic trainers (ATs) in secondary schools are uniquely positioned to provide medical care and to collaborate with school professionals while managing concussions. However, little is known regarding return-to-learn policies and their implementation in secondary schools. OBJECTIVE: To examine ATs' perspectives on return to learn, cognitive rest, and communication with school professionals after concussion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Web-based survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1124 secondary school ATs completed the survey (28.5% response rate). The majority of participants were employed full time (752/1114 [67.5%]) in public schools (911/1117 [81.6%]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): School and AT employment characteristics, demographics, number of concussions evaluated annually, and perceptions of school professionals' familiarity with ATs' responsibilities were independent variables. RESULTS: Of the ATs, 44% reported having an existing return-to-learn policy. The strongest predictor of a return-to-learn policy was frequent communication with teachers after concussion (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 1.7). Most ATs recommended complete cognitive rest (eg, no reading, television; 492/1087 [45.3%]) or limited cognitive activity based upon symptoms (391/1087 [36.0%]). Common academic accommodations were postponed due dates (789/954 [82.7%]), rest breaks (765/954 [80.2%]), and partial attendance (740/954 [77.6%]). Athletic trainers self-reported as primary monitors of health (764/1037 [73.7%]) and academic progression (359/1011 [35.5%]). The strongest predictor of ATs' communication with school professionals was their perception of school professionals' understanding of ATs' roles. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, ATs followed best practices for cognitive rest and return to learn after concussion. Although ATs are central to the management of student-athletes' physical health after concussion, school professionals may be better suited to monitor academic progress. Increased communication between the AT and school professionals is recommended to monitor recovery and facilitate academic support for symptomatic student-athletes.

2015

Jackson, K; Rubin, R; Van Hoeck, N; Hauert, T; Lana, V; Wang, H

The effect of selective head-neck cooling on physiological and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers Journal Article

In: Translational Neuroscience, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 131–138, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Article, Athletics, body temperature, body temperature measurement, brain, brain temperature, clinical assessment, clinical effectiveness, cognition, cold tolerance, cold treatment, Concussion, diastolic blood pressure, executive function, Feasibility, Female, head neck cooling, Heart Rate, human, human experiment, infrared thermometer, Intervention, Male, mouth temperature, normal human, physiological process, priority journal, pulse oximetry, room temperature, systolic blood pressure, TASK performance, temperature management device, thermoregulation, tympanic temperature, velocity, welkins emt temperature management system, working memory

@article{Jackson2015,

title = {The effect of selective head-neck cooling on physiological and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers},

author = {Jackson, K and Rubin, R and {Van Hoeck}, N and Hauert, T and Lana, V and Wang, H},

doi = {10.1515/tnsci-2015-0012},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Translational Neuroscience},

volume = {6},

number = {1},

pages = {131--138},

abstract = {In general, brain temperatures are elevated during physical sporting activities; therefore, reducing brain temperature shortly after a sports-related concussion (SRC) could be a promising intervention technique. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of head and neck cooling on physiological and cognitive function in normal healthy volunteers. Twelve healthy volunteers underwent two different sessions of combined head and neck cooling, one session with a cold pack and one session with a room temperature pack. Physiological measurements included: systolic/diastolic blood pressure, pulse oximetry, heart rate, and sublingual and tympanic temperature. Cognitive assessment included: processing speed, executive function, and working memory tasks. Physiological measurements were taken pre-, mid- and post-cooling, while cognitive assessments were done before and after cooling. The order of the sessions was randomized. There was a significant decrease in tympanic temperature across both sessions; however more cooling occurred when the cold pack was in the device. There was no significant decrease in sublingual temperature across either session. The observed heart rates, pulse oximetry, systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the sessions were all within range of a normal healthy adult. Cognitive assessment remained stable across each session for both pre- and post-cooling. We propose that optimizing brain temperature management after brain injury using head and neck cooling technology may represent a sensible, practical, and effective strategy to potentially enhance recovery and perhaps minimize the subsequent short and long term consequences from SRC. © 2015 Kevin Jackson et al.},

keywords = {adult, Article, Athletics, body temperature, body temperature measurement, brain, brain temperature, clinical assessment, clinical effectiveness, cognition, cold tolerance, cold treatment, Concussion, diastolic blood pressure, executive function, Feasibility, Female, head neck cooling, Heart Rate, human, human experiment, infrared thermometer, Intervention, Male, mouth temperature, normal human, physiological process, priority journal, pulse oximetry, room temperature, systolic blood pressure, TASK performance, temperature management device, thermoregulation, tympanic temperature, velocity, welkins emt temperature management system, working memory},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Littleton, A C; Register-Mihalik, J K; Guskiewicz, K M

Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs Journal Article

In: Sports Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 443–447, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cognition, computerized neurocognitive testing, Concussion, Concussion Vital Signs, Psychometrics

@article{Littleton2015,

title = {Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs},

author = {Littleton, A C and Register-Mihalik, J K and Guskiewicz, K M},

doi = {10.1177/1941738115586997},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Sports Health},

volume = {7},

number = {5},

pages = {443--447},

abstract = {Background: Neurocognitive testing is an important concussion evaluation tool, but for neurocognitive tests to be useful, their psychometric properties must be well established. Test-retest reliability of computerized neurocognitive tests can influence their clinical utility. The reliability for a commonly used computerized neurocognitive test, CNS Vital Signs, is not well established. The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability and reliable change indices for CNS Vital Signs in a healthy, physically active college population. Hypothesis: CNS Vital Signs yields acceptable test-retest reliability, with greater reliability between the second and third test administration compared with between the first and second administration. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Forty healthy, active volunteers (16 men, 24 women; mean age, 21.05 ± 2.17 years) reported to a clinical laboratory for 3 sessions, 1 week apart. At each session, participants were administered CNS Vital Signs. Outcomes included standard scores for the following CNS Vital Signs domains: verbal memory, visual memory, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, processing speed, reaction time, executive functioning, and reasoning. Results: Participants performed significantly better on the second session and/or third session than they did on the first testing session on 6 of 9 neurocognitive domains. Pearson r test-retest correlations between sessions ranged from 0.11 to 0.87. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.86. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider using reliable change indices to account for practice effects, identify meaningful score changes due to pathology, and inform clinical decisions. Clinical Relevance: This study highlights the importance of clinicians understanding the psychometric properties of computerized neurocognitive tests when using them in the management of sport-related concussion. If CNS Vital Signs is administered twice within a small time frame (such as 1 week), athletes should be expected to improve between the first and second administration. © 2015, © 2015 The Author(s).},

keywords = {cognition, computerized neurocognitive testing, Concussion, Concussion Vital Signs, Psychometrics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Background: Neurocognitive testing is an important concussion evaluation tool, but for neurocognitive tests to be useful, their psychometric properties must be well established. Test-retest reliability of computerized neurocognitive tests can influence their clinical utility. The reliability for a commonly used computerized neurocognitive test, CNS Vital Signs, is not well established. The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability and reliable change indices for CNS Vital Signs in a healthy, physically active college population. Hypothesis: CNS Vital Signs yields acceptable test-retest reliability, with greater reliability between the second and third test administration compared with between the first and second administration. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Forty healthy, active volunteers (16 men, 24 women; mean age, 21.05 ± 2.17 years) reported to a clinical laboratory for 3 sessions, 1 week apart. At each session, participants were administered CNS Vital Signs. Outcomes included standard scores for the following CNS Vital Signs domains: verbal memory, visual memory, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, processing speed, reaction time, executive functioning, and reasoning. Results: Participants performed significantly better on the second session and/or third session than they did on the first testing session on 6 of 9 neurocognitive domains. Pearson r test-retest correlations between sessions ranged from 0.11 to 0.87. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.86. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider using reliable change indices to account for practice effects, identify meaningful score changes due to pathology, and inform clinical decisions. Clinical Relevance: This study highlights the importance of clinicians understanding the psychometric properties of computerized neurocognitive tests when using them in the management of sport-related concussion. If CNS Vital Signs is administered twice within a small time frame (such as 1 week), athletes should be expected to improve between the first and second administration. © 2015, © 2015 The Author(s).

Lawrence, D W; Comper, P; Hutchison, M G; Sharma, B

The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review Journal Article

In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1018–1031, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over, aged, allele, Alleles, Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, APOE, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein E4, Article, athlete, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, clinical evaluation, cognition, cognitive defect, disease severity, Female, follow up, genetic association, genetic risk, genetics, GENOTYPE, Glasgow Outcome Scale, heterozygote, histopathology, homozygote, human, Humans, Incidence, injury severity, Male, Memory, nerve cell necrosis, neuropathology, Neuroprotection, outcome assessment, pediatrics, Prevalence, Prognosis, prognostic assessment, protein function, psychologic test, psychology, Recovery, scoring system, Systematic Review, tau protein, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome, very elderly, Wechsler Intelligence Scale

@article{Lawrence2015,

title = {The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review},

author = {Lawrence, D W and Comper, P and Hutchison, M G and Sharma, B},

doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1005131},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Brain Injury},

volume = {29},

number = {9},

pages = {1018--1031},

abstract = {Background: The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) has emerged as a candidate for prognosticating traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery, with APOE$epsilon$4 identified as a susceptibility marker for poor outcome, despite large discrepancy in its reported influence post-TBI.Methods: A systematic review was conducted, including all primary articles investigating the role of APOE$epsilon$4 on TBI outcome. A total of 65 studies were included, including 24 predominantly investigating mild (mTBI), seven moderate (modTBI) and 33 severe (sTBI); severity was not reported in one study.Results: In mTBI studies, the association between APOE$epsilon$4 and post-TBI outcome was concluded as non-contributory in 14 studies (58.3%), hazardous in nine (37.5%) and protective in one (4.2%). In sTBI studies, the role of APOE$epsilon$4 was hazardous in 21 (63.6%), non-contributory in nine (27.3%) and protective in three (9.1%). Of the seven studies investigating dementia outcomes, four observed a hazardous association with APOE$epsilon$4, while three reported no association. Six studies examined Alzheimers dementia pathology, of which three reported a hazardous influence of APOE$epsilon$4.Conclusions: The influence of APOE$epsilon$4 on neuropsychological testing, functional outcome and in paediatric populations was incongruous. This review supports the majority of research indicating APOE$epsilon$4 adversely influences recovery following TBI, particularly with respect to dementia-related outcomes and outcomes following sTBI. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},

keywords = {80 and over, aged, allele, Alleles, Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, APOE, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein E4, Article, athlete, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, clinical evaluation, cognition, cognitive defect, disease severity, Female, follow up, genetic association, genetic risk, genetics, GENOTYPE, Glasgow Outcome Scale, heterozygote, histopathology, homozygote, human, Humans, Incidence, injury severity, Male, Memory, nerve cell necrosis, neuropathology, Neuroprotection, outcome assessment, pediatrics, Prevalence, Prognosis, prognostic assessment, protein function, psychologic test, psychology, Recovery, scoring system, Systematic Review, tau protein, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome, very elderly, Wechsler Intelligence Scale},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Wang, H; Wang, B; Jackson, K; Miller, C M; Hasadsri, L; Llano, D; Rubin, R; Zimmerman, J; Johnson, C; Sutton, B

A novel head-neck cooling device for concussion injury in contact sports Journal Article

In: Translational Neuroscience, vol. 6, pp. 20–31, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Acceleration, Article, brain concussion, Brain hypothermia, brain perfusion, brain temperature, brain tissue, clinical study, cognition, contact sport, cooling, diving, exercise, exercise induced hyperthermia, experimental study, government, head neck cooling device, Head-neck cooling, human, hyperthermia, induced hypothermia, mild traumatic brain injury, nonhuman, priority journal, randomized controlled trial (topic), sport injury, Sports, surface property, thermal regulating system, thermal stimulation, thermoregulation, traumatic brain injury

@article{Wang2015a,

title = {A novel head-neck cooling device for concussion injury in contact sports},

author = {Wang, H and Wang, B and Jackson, K and Miller, C M and Hasadsri, L and Llano, D and Rubin, R and Zimmerman, J and Johnson, C and Sutton, B},

doi = {10.1515/tnsci-2015-0004},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Translational Neuroscience},

volume = {6},

pages = {20--31},

abstract = {Emerging research on the long-term impact of concussions on athletes has allowed public recognition of the potentially devastating effects of these and other mild head injuries. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a multifaceted disease for which management remains a clinical challenge. Recent pre-clinical and clinical data strongly suggest a destructive synergism between brain temperature elevation and mTBI; conversely, brain hypothermia, with its broader, pleiotropic effects, represents the most potent neuro-protectant in laboratory studies to date. Although well-established in selected clinical conditions, a systemic approach to accomplish regional hypothermia has failed to yield an effective treatment strategy in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, although systemic hypothermia remains a potentially valid treatment strategy for moderate to severe TBIs, it is neither practical nor safe for mTBIs. Therefore, selective head-neck cooling may represent an ideal strategy to provide therapeutic benefits to the brain. Optimizing brain temperature management using a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) spacesuit spinoff head-neck cooling technology before and/or after mTBI in contact sports may represent a sensible, practical, and effective method to potentially enhance recover and minimize post-injury deficits. In this paper, we discuss and summarize the anatomical, physiological, preclinical, and clinical data concerning NASA spinoff head-neck cooling technology as a potential treatment for mTBIs, particularly in the context of contact sports. © 2015 Huan Wang et al., licensee De Gruyter Open.},

keywords = {Acceleration, Article, brain concussion, Brain hypothermia, brain perfusion, brain temperature, brain tissue, clinical study, cognition, contact sport, cooling, diving, exercise, exercise induced hyperthermia, experimental study, government, head neck cooling device, Head-neck cooling, human, hyperthermia, induced hypothermia, mild traumatic brain injury, nonhuman, priority journal, randomized controlled trial (topic), sport injury, Sports, surface property, thermal regulating system, thermal stimulation, thermoregulation, traumatic brain injury},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Dretsch, M N; Kelly, M P; Coldren, R L; Parish, R V; Russell, M L

No Significant Acute and Subacute Differences between Blast and Blunt Concussions across Multiple Neurocognitive Measures and Symptoms in Deployed Soldiers Journal Article

In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 16, pp. 1217–1222, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 2003-2011, acute disease, Adolescent, adult, amnesia, ANAM, Article, assessment of humans, Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, Blast injuries, blast injury, blunt trauma, brain concussion, clinical article, cognition, Cognition Disorders, cognitive screening, comparative study, complication, concussion mechanism, Demography, deployment, Female, follow up, health status, human, Humans, Iraq War, Male, middle aged, Military, Military Acute Concussion Evaluation, Military personnel, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, soldier, unconsciousness, UNITED States, War, Young Adult

@article{Dretsch2015a,

title = {No Significant Acute and Subacute Differences between Blast and Blunt Concussions across Multiple Neurocognitive Measures and Symptoms in Deployed Soldiers},

author = {Dretsch, M N and Kelly, M P and Coldren, R L and Parish, R V and Russell, M L},

doi = {10.1089/neu.2014.3637},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},

volume = {32},

number = {16},

pages = {1217--1222},

abstract = {Seventy-one deployed U.S. Army soldiers who presented for concussion care due to either blast or blunt mechanisms within 72 h of injury were assessed using the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation, the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM), traditional neuropsychological tests, and health status questionnaires. Follow-up ANAM testing was performed 10 d after initial testing (±5 d). Twenty-one soldiers were excluded: two for poor effort and 19 who had combined blast/blunt injuries. Of the remaining 50 male participants, 34 had blast injuries and 16 had blunt injuries. There were no statistically significant differences between blast injury and blunt injury participants in demographic, physical, or psychological health factors, concussive symptoms, or automated and traditional neurocognitive testing scores within 72 h post-injury. In addition, follow-up ANAM scores up to 15 d post-injury were not significantly different (available on 21 blast-injured and 13 blunt-injured subjects). Pre-injury baseline ANAM scores were compared where available, and revealed no statistically significant differences between 22 blast injury and eight blunt injury participants. These findings suggest there are no significant differences between mechanisms of injury during both the acute and subacute periods in neurobehavioral concussion sequelae while deployed in a combat environment. The current study supports the use of sports/mechanical concussion models for early concussion management in the deployed setting and exploration of variability in potential long-term outcomes. © Copyright 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.},

keywords = {2003-2011, acute disease, Adolescent, adult, amnesia, ANAM, Article, assessment of humans, Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, Blast injuries, blast injury, blunt trauma, brain concussion, clinical article, cognition, Cognition Disorders, cognitive screening, comparative study, complication, concussion mechanism, Demography, deployment, Female, follow up, health status, human, Humans, Iraq War, Male, middle aged, Military, Military Acute Concussion Evaluation, Military personnel, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, soldier, unconsciousness, UNITED States, War, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Sikoglu, E M; Liso Navarro, A A; Czerniak, S M; McCafferty, J; Eisenstock, J; Stevenson, J H; King, J A; Moore, C M

Effects of Recent Concussion on Brain Bioenergetics: A Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study Journal Article

In: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 181–187, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent, adult, Article, athlete, Athletic Injuries, biochemical analysis, bioenergy, brain concussion, clinical article, cognition, college, Concussion, energy consumption, Energy Metabolism, Female, high energy phosphate, human, Humans, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, metabolism, MR spectroscopy (phosphorus-31), neuroimaging, NTP, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nucleoside, nucleoside triphosphate, Nucleosides, Pathophysiology, phosphate, Phosphates, phosphorus, Phosphorus Isotopes, phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance, PHYSIOLOGY, Prefrontal Cortex, priority journal, procedures, sport injury, Universities, university, Young Adult

@article{Sikoglu2015,

title = {Effects of Recent Concussion on Brain Bioenergetics: A Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study},

author = {Sikoglu, E M and {Liso Navarro}, A A and Czerniak, S M and McCafferty, J and Eisenstock, J and Stevenson, J H and King, J A and Moore, C M},

doi = {10.1097/WNN.0000000000000076},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology},

volume = {28},

number = {4},

pages = {181--187},

abstract = {Background: Although clinical evaluations and neurocognitive assessments are commonly used to evaluate the extent of and recovery from concussion, brain bioenergetics could provide a more quantitative marker. The neurometabolic response to a concussion is thought to increase neuronal energy consumption and thus the demand for nucleoside triphosphate (NTP). Objective: We investigated the possible disruption in high-energy metabolism within the prefrontal cortex of college athletes who had either had a concussion within the past 6 months (n=14) or had never had a concussion (n=13). We hypothesized that concussed athletes would have imbalanced brain bioenergetics resulting from increased NTP consumption, and these biochemical changes would correspond to impaired cognitive abilities. Methods: We used phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify high-energy phosphates. We performed the neuroimaging in conjunction with neurocognitive assessments targeting prefrontal cortex-mediated tasks. Results: Our results revealed significantly lower $gamma$-NTP levels in the athletes after concussion. Although the concussed and non-concussed participants performed similarly in neurocognitive assessments, lower levels of $gamma$-NTP were associated with worse scores on neurocognitive tasks. Conclusions: Our results support the concept of increased energy demand in the prefrontal cortex of a concussed brain, and we found that while neurocognitive assessments appear normal, brain energetics may be abnormal. A longitudinal study could help establish brain NTP levels as a biomarker to aid in diagnosis and to assess recovery in concussed patients. © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Article, athlete, Athletic Injuries, biochemical analysis, bioenergy, brain concussion, clinical article, cognition, college, Concussion, energy consumption, Energy Metabolism, Female, high energy phosphate, human, Humans, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, metabolism, MR spectroscopy (phosphorus-31), neuroimaging, NTP, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nucleoside, nucleoside triphosphate, Nucleosides, Pathophysiology, phosphate, Phosphates, phosphorus, Phosphorus Isotopes, phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance, PHYSIOLOGY, Prefrontal Cortex, priority journal, procedures, sport injury, Universities, university, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Mayer, A R; Ling, J M; Dodd, A B; Gasparovic, C; Klimaj, S D; Meier, T B

A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters Journal Article

In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 1759–1767, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent, adult, Article, biological marker, Biomarkers, BRAIN chemistry, brain concussion, brain cortex, brain size, Cerebral Cortex, CHOLINE, clinical article, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), creatine, executive function, Female, follow up, Follow-Up Studies, frontal gyrus, glutamic acid, glutamine, human, Humans, Injuries, inositol, Longitudinal, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, martial art, Martial Arts, Memory, middle aged, mixed martial art, n acetylaspartic acid, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, occipital cortex, pathology, posterior cingulate, psychology, repetitive injury, Spectroscopy, volumetrics, white matter, Young Adult

@article{Mayer2015b,

title = {A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters},

author = {Mayer, A R and Ling, J M and Dodd, A B and Gasparovic, C and Klimaj, S D and Meier, T B},

doi = {10.1089/neu.2014.3833},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},

volume = {32},

number = {22},

pages = {1759--1767},

abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that temporally proximal acute concussions and repetitive subconcussive head injuries may lead to long-term neurological deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms of injury and their relative time-scales are not well documented in human injury models. The current study therefore investigated whether biomarkers of brain chemistry (magnetic resonance [MR] spectroscopy: N-acetylaspartate [NAA], combined glutamate and glutamine [Glx], total creatine [Cre], choline compounds [Cho], and myo-inositol [mI]) and structure (cortical thickness, white matter [WM]/subcortical volume) differed between mixed martial artists (MMA; n = 13) and matched healthy controls (HC) without a history of contact sport participation (HC; n = 14). A subset of participants (MMA = 9; HC = 10) returned for follow-up visits, with MMA (n = 3) with clinician-documented acute concussions also scanned serially. As expected, MMA self-reported a higher incidence of previous concussions and significantly more cognitive symptoms during prior concussion recovery. Fighters also exhibited reduced memory and processing speed relative to controls on neuropsychological testing coupled with cortical thinning in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and right occipital cortex at baseline assessment. Over a 1-year follow-up period, MMA experienced a significant decrease in both WM volume and NAA concentration, as well as relative thinning in the left middle and superior frontal gyri. These longitudinal changes did not correlate with self-reported metrics of injury (i.e., fight diary). In contrast, HC did not exhibit significant longitudinal changes over a 4-month follow-up period (p \> 0.05). Collectively, current results provide preliminary evidence of progressive changes in brain chemistry and structure over a relatively short time period in individuals with high exposure to repetitive head hits. These findings require replication in independent samples. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2015.},

keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Article, biological marker, Biomarkers, BRAIN chemistry, brain concussion, brain cortex, brain size, Cerebral Cortex, CHOLINE, clinical article, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), creatine, executive function, Female, follow up, Follow-Up Studies, frontal gyrus, glutamic acid, glutamine, human, Humans, Injuries, inositol, Longitudinal, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, martial art, Martial Arts, Memory, middle aged, mixed martial art, n acetylaspartic acid, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, occipital cortex, pathology, posterior cingulate, psychology, repetitive injury, Spectroscopy, volumetrics, white matter, Young Adult},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Growing evidence suggests that temporally proximal acute concussions and repetitive subconcussive head injuries may lead to long-term neurological deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms of injury and their relative time-scales are not well documented in human injury models. The current study therefore investigated whether biomarkers of brain chemistry (magnetic resonance [MR] spectroscopy: N-acetylaspartate [NAA], combined glutamate and glutamine [Glx], total creatine [Cre], choline compounds [Cho], and myo-inositol [mI]) and structure (cortical thickness, white matter [WM]/subcortical volume) differed between mixed martial artists (MMA; n = 13) and matched healthy controls (HC) without a history of contact sport participation (HC; n = 14). A subset of participants (MMA = 9; HC = 10) returned for follow-up visits, with MMA (n = 3) with clinician-documented acute concussions also scanned serially. As expected, MMA self-reported a higher incidence of previous concussions and significantly more cognitive symptoms during prior concussion recovery. Fighters also exhibited reduced memory and processing speed relative to controls on neuropsychological testing coupled with cortical thinning in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and right occipital cortex at baseline assessment. Over a 1-year follow-up period, MMA experienced a significant decrease in both WM volume and NAA concentration, as well as relative thinning in the left middle and superior frontal gyri. These longitudinal changes did not correlate with self-reported metrics of injury (i.e., fight diary). In contrast, HC did not exhibit significant longitudinal changes over a 4-month follow-up period (p > 0.05). Collectively, current results provide preliminary evidence of progressive changes in brain chemistry and structure over a relatively short time period in individuals with high exposure to repetitive head hits. These findings require replication in independent samples. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2015.

Bondi, C O; Semple, B D; Noble-Haeusslein, L J; Osier, N D; Carlson, S W; Dixon, C E; Giza, C C; Kline, A E

Found in translation: Understanding the biology and behavior of experimental traumatic brain injury Journal Article

In: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 58, pp. 123–146, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 8 hydroxy 2 propylaminotetralin, Aggression, Attentional set-shifting test (AST), buspirone, Closed head injury, cognition, cognitive defect, cognitive function test, Concussion, conditioning, Controlled cortical impact (CCI), environmental enrichment, Environmental enrichment (EE), executive function, experimental disease, fear, Fluid percussion (FP), human, interpersonal communication, Memory, motor function test, nerve degeneration, neuropsychological test, Neurorehabilitation, nonhuman, outcome assessment, Pathophysiology, pediatrics, priority journal, rehabilitation care, Review, rodent, rotarod test, sensorimotor function, Social behavior, social disability, social interaction, spatial learning, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury

@article{Bondi2015,

title = {Found in translation: Understanding the biology and behavior of experimental traumatic brain injury},

author = {Bondi, C O and Semple, B D and Noble-Haeusslein, L J and Osier, N D and Carlson, S W and Dixon, C E and Giza, C C and Kline, A E},

doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.004},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews},

volume = {58},

pages = {123--146},

abstract = {The aim of this review is to discuss in greater detail the topics covered in the recent symposium entitled "Traumatic brain injury: laboratory and clinical perspectives," presented at the 2014 International Behavioral Neuroscience Society annual meeting. Herein, we review contemporary laboratory models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) including common assays for sensorimotor and cognitive behavior. New modalities to evaluate social behavior after injury to the developing brain, as well as the attentional set-shifting test (AST) as a measure of executive function in TBI, will be highlighted. Environmental enrichment (EE) will be discussed as a preclinical model of neurorehabilitation, and finally, an evidence-based approach to sports-related concussion will be considered. The review consists predominantly of published data, but some discussion of ongoing or future directions is provided. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},

keywords = {8 hydroxy 2 propylaminotetralin, Aggression, Attentional set-shifting test (AST), buspirone, Closed head injury, cognition, cognitive defect, cognitive function test, Concussion, conditioning, Controlled cortical impact (CCI), environmental enrichment, Environmental enrichment (EE), executive function, experimental disease, fear, Fluid percussion (FP), human, interpersonal communication, Memory, motor function test, nerve degeneration, neuropsychological test, Neurorehabilitation, nonhuman, outcome assessment, Pathophysiology, pediatrics, priority journal, rehabilitation care, Review, rodent, rotarod test, sensorimotor function, Social behavior, social disability, social interaction, spatial learning, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Alexander, D G; Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B; Kidd, M; Malcolm, C M

Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes Journal Article

In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1113–1125, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: academic achievement, Academic performance, ADOLESCENCE, Adolescent, adolescent disease, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, Child, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, Educational Status, football, human, Humans, Injuries, intelligence test, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, major clinical study, Male, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Pathophysiology, Prospective Studies, prospective study, psychologic test, psychology, rugby, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome

@article{Alexander2015,

title = {Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes},

author = {Alexander, D G and Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B and Kidd, M and Malcolm, C M},

doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1031699},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Brain Injury},

volume = {29},

number = {9},

pages = {1113--1125},

abstract = {Background: Information is scant concerning enduring brain injury effects of participation in the contact sport of Rugby Union (hereafter rugby) on early adolescents.Objective: The objective was prospectively to investigate differences between young adolescent male rugby players and non-contact sports controls on neurocognitive test performance over 3 years and academic achievement over 6 years.Method: A sample of boys from the same school and grade was divided into three groups: rugby with seasonal concussions (n = 45), rugby no seasonal concussions (n = 21) and non-contact sports controls (n = 30). Baseline neurocognitive testing was conducted pre-season in Grade 7 and post-season in Grades 8 and 9. Year-end academic grades were documented for Grades 6-9 and 12 (pre-high school to year of school leaving). A mixed model repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to investigate comparative neurocognitive and academic outcomes between the three sub-groups.Results: Compared with controls, both rugby groups were significantly lower on the WISC-III Coding Immediate Recall sub-test. There was a significant interaction effect on the academic measure, with improved scores over time for controls, that was not in evidence for either rugby group.Conclusions: Tentatively, the outcome suggests cognitive vulnerability in association with school level participation in rugby. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},

keywords = {academic achievement, Academic performance, ADOLESCENCE, Adolescent, adolescent disease, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, Child, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, Educational Status, football, human, Humans, Injuries, intelligence test, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, major clinical study, Male, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Pathophysiology, Prospective Studies, prospective study, psychologic test, psychology, rugby, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Andelinović, M; Titlić, M; Andelinović, D

Functional Changes of P300 Values among Young Football Players as a Measure of a Cognitive Function Journal Article

In: Collegium antropologicum, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 641–645, 2015.

Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent, brain concussion, cognition, Craniocerebral Trauma, event related potential, Event-Related Potentials, Evoked Potentials, evoked response, head injury, human, Humans, Male, P300, Pathophysiology, PHYSIOLOGY, psychology, reaction time, Soccer

2013

Gay, Robin K

Neurocognitive measures in the assessment of vestibular disturbance in patients with brain injury Journal Article

In: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 473–482, 2013, ISBN: 10538135.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ACOUSTIC stimulation (Neurophysiology), Balance, BRAIN -- Wounds & injuries -- Complications, brain injury rehabilitation, cognition, Concussion, DIAGNOSIS, DISEASES, Dizziness, Dizziness -- Risk factors, EQUILIBRIUM (Physiology), falls prevention, GAIT in humans, Memory, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive assessment, sports injury, VESTIBULAR apparatus

Zuckerman, Scott L; Lee, Young M; Odom, Mitchell J; Solomon, Gary S; Sills, Allen K

Baseline neurocognitive scores in athletes with attention deficit-spectrum disorders and/or learning disability Journal Article

In: Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 103–109, 2013, ISBN: 1933-0707.

Links | BibTeX | Tags: ADOLESCENCE, Athletes, Athletic Injuries -- Complications, attention, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder -- Compli, Brain Concussion -- Complications, Brain Concussion -- Diagnosis, Brain Concussion -- Psychosocial Factors, Child, cognition, Cognition Disorders -- Diagnosis, Cognition Disorders -- Etiology, Female, human, Learning Disorders -- Complications, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, reaction time, Severity of Illness Indices, Sports

1993

Butler, R J; Forsythe, W I; Beverly, D W; Adams, L M

A prospective controlled investigation of the cognitive effects of amateur boxing Journal Article

In: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 1055–1061, 1993, ISBN: 00223050.

BibTeX | Tags: *AMATEUR sports, *Boxing, AMATEURS, cognition, neuropsychology

Reference Search

21 entries « ‹ 1 of 2 › »

Vestberg, Torbjörn; Reinebo, Gustaf; Maurex, Liselotte; Ingvar, Martin; Petrovic, Predrag

Core executive functions are associated with success in young elite soccer players Journal Article

In: PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1–13, 2017, ISBN: 19326203.

2017

2016

2015

2013

1993

Reference Search

Most Referenced Keywords

2017

2016

2015

2013

1993