Reider, Bruce
Activating the Omega 13 Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 275–277, 2017, ISBN: 03635465.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: ACL tear, Concussion, female athlete triad, football, Injury prevention, rugby, Soccer
@article{Reider2017,
title = {Activating the Omega 13},
author = {Reider, Bruce},
doi = {10.1177/0363546517690145},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {275--277},
keywords = {ACL tear, Concussion, female athlete triad, football, Injury prevention, rugby, Soccer},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bunworth, R
In: International Sports Law Journal, vol. 16, no. 1-2, pp. 82–98, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Concussion, Duty of care, Governing body, Liability, Negligence, rugby
@article{Bunworth2016,
title = {Egg-shell skulls or institutional negligence? The liability of World Rugby for incidents of concussion suffered by professional players in England and Ireland},
author = {Bunworth, R},
doi = {10.1007/s40318-016-0095-y},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {International Sports Law Journal},
volume = {16},
number = {1-2},
pages = {82--98},
abstract = {The number of incidents of concussion in professional rugby union is increasing steadily. In the English Rugby Premiership, concussion was the most frequent injury suffered by professional players in each of the last 3 seasons. Further, there is developing evidence of a link between suffering repeated concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a degenerative brain disease. World Rugby’s principal response to the growing problem of concussion in rugby has been through the introduction of the Pitch Side Concussion Assessment and the Return to Play protocols. Few amendments have been made to the playing rules of the sport with the express intention of reducing the frequency with which concussions occur. The article explores whether World Rugby could be found to owe professional rugby players a duty of care under the laws of negligence in England and Ireland. The article then goes on to examine if World Rugby could be found to have acted negligently in its response to the issue of concussion, through the adoption of its concussion management rules and its failure to amend the playing rules of the sport in an attempt to prevent concussions from occurring. Following this, the article analyses the difficulty which a potential plaintiff would face in establishing causation in a negligence action against World Rugby. The article concludes with suggested changes which World Rugby could implement to lessen the possibility of a finding that it has acted negligently in relation to players’ safety. © 2016, T.M.C. Asser Instituut.},
keywords = {Concussion, Duty of care, Governing body, Liability, Negligence, rugby},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Patton, D A; McIntosh, A S
Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 29–42, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Australian football, Biomechanics, Concussion, Design, Head Injuries, head injury, headgear, Injury prevention, protective equipment, rugby, Sports
@article{Patton2016b,
title = {Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear},
author = {Patton, D A and McIntosh, A S},
doi = {10.1177/1754337115615482},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {230},
number = {1},
pages = {29--42},
abstract = {Laboratory and epidemiological research in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union has demonstrated that commercially available soft-shell padded headgear is currently ineffective in reducing the risk of concussion. However, modified headgear studies have demonstrated that significant improvements in impact energy attenuation performance are possible with small design changes, such as increases in foam density and thickness. A literature review of the design, performance and use of headgear in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union was conducted. A total of 23 articles were identified using primary and secondary search strategies, which included epidemiological field studies, laboratory impact test studies and studies investigating the behaviours and attitudes of players. The results of the review were synthesised and used to identify injury reduction objectives and appropriate design criteria. The need for a headgear standard was identified and performance requirements were discussed, which drew upon human tolerance and sports-specific head impact exposure data. Usability and behavioural issues, which require consideration during the design process, were also assessed. © IMechE 2015.},
keywords = {Australian football, Biomechanics, Concussion, Design, Head Injuries, head injury, headgear, Injury prevention, protective equipment, rugby, Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Alexander, D G; Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B; Kidd, M; Malcolm, C M
Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1113–1125, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: academic achievement, Academic performance, ADOLESCENCE, Adolescent, adolescent disease, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, Child, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, Educational Status, football, human, Humans, Injuries, intelligence test, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, major clinical study, Male, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Pathophysiology, Prospective Studies, prospective study, psychologic test, psychology, rugby, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome
@article{Alexander2015,
title = {Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes},
author = {Alexander, D G and Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B and Kidd, M and Malcolm, C M},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1031699},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {1113--1125},
abstract = {Background: Information is scant concerning enduring brain injury effects of participation in the contact sport of Rugby Union (hereafter rugby) on early adolescents.Objective: The objective was prospectively to investigate differences between young adolescent male rugby players and non-contact sports controls on neurocognitive test performance over 3 years and academic achievement over 6 years.Method: A sample of boys from the same school and grade was divided into three groups: rugby with seasonal concussions (n = 45), rugby no seasonal concussions (n = 21) and non-contact sports controls (n = 30). Baseline neurocognitive testing was conducted pre-season in Grade 7 and post-season in Grades 8 and 9. Year-end academic grades were documented for Grades 6-9 and 12 (pre-high school to year of school leaving). A mixed model repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to investigate comparative neurocognitive and academic outcomes between the three sub-groups.Results: Compared with controls, both rugby groups were significantly lower on the WISC-III Coding Immediate Recall sub-test. There was a significant interaction effect on the academic measure, with improved scores over time for controls, that was not in evidence for either rugby group.Conclusions: Tentatively, the outcome suggests cognitive vulnerability in association with school level participation in rugby. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {academic achievement, Academic performance, ADOLESCENCE, Adolescent, adolescent disease, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, Child, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, Educational Status, football, human, Humans, Injuries, intelligence test, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, major clinical study, Male, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Pathophysiology, Prospective Studies, prospective study, psychologic test, psychology, rugby, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hinton-Bayre, A D
Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion Journal Article
In: Brain Impairment, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury
@article{Hinton-Bayre2015,
title = {Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion},
author = {Hinton-Bayre, A D},
doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2015.14},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Impairment},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {80--89},
abstract = {Objective: Obtaining baseline neuropsychological (NP) data to assist management of sports-related concussion has been considered the standard of care. The validity of this approach has been questioned, with suggestions that post-concussion testing alone will suffice. The present study compared the sensitivity of baseline and normative paradigms in the setting of sports-related concussion. Method: Baseline NP data were collected for 194 Australian rugby league athletes on a brief battery of paper-and-pencil NP tests. During competition, 27 athletes sustaining concussion referred from a sports physician were retested within two days of injury. Twenty-six uninjured controls were assessed at similar intervals. The baseline paradigm was assessed using a reliable change index for pre- and post-concussion scores. The normative paradigm was assessed comparing the post-concussion score to a normative mean. Results: The baseline paradigm was consistently more sensitive to negative change following concussion than the normative paradigm when using continuous data, despite reasonable agreement. However, when data were categorised as 'impaired' or 'not-impaired', using either 68% or 90% confidence intervals, the difference between paradigms failed to reach significance. Comparison of ROC curves for both paradigms found superior overall classification for one test and the composite score using baseline comparison data. Conclusions: Despite being a time and resource intensive process, the baseline paradigm as a repeated-measures design may be more sensitive than the between-subjects design of the normative paradigm for detecting changes following concussion. Further work is required to determine the validity of normative assessment in sports-related concussion. Copyright © Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment 2015.},
keywords = {adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Edlow, B L; Hinson, H E
Blowing the whistle on sports concussions Journal Article
In: Neurology, vol. 85, no. 17, pp. 1442–1443, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Alzheimer disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Concussion, contact sport, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, Hockey, human, memory disorder, mood disorder, pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, priority journal, Review, rugby, Soccer, sport injury, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury, wrestling
@article{Edlow2015,
title = {Blowing the whistle on sports concussions},
author = {Edlow, B L and Hinson, H E},
doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000001902},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Neurology},
volume = {85},
number = {17},
pages = {1442--1443},
abstract = {On March 13, 2015, Chris Borland, a star rookie linebacker on the San Francisco 49ers, announced his early retirement from professional football, citing concerns about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Borland, who had a history of 2 diagnosed concussions, walked away from a multi-million-dollar contract and potential sports superstardom, explaining that "from what I've researched and what I've experienced, I don't think it's worth the risk." 1 Perhaps just as surprising as Borland's announcement was the support he received from teammates and other athletes-support that reflects a growing recognition in the athletic community that repetitive head trauma may be associated with CTE and other forms of dementia. 2 Indeed, in a recent legal settlement, the National Football League estimated that approximately 30% of its former players will develop dementia. At the high school and college levels, state legislatures and universities have enacted limits to the number of full-contact practices, citing similar concerns about concussions. These developments have prompted a societal conversation about the risks of contact sports. © 2015 American Academy of Neurology.},
keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Concussion, contact sport, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, Hockey, human, memory disorder, mood disorder, pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, priority journal, Review, rugby, Soccer, sport injury, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury, wrestling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brown, J C; Viljoen, W; Lambert, M I; Readhead, C; Fuller, C; Van Mechelen, W; Verhagen, E
The economic burden of time-loss injuries to youth players participating in week-long rugby union tournaments Journal Article
In: Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 394–399, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Absenteeism, Adolescent, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, Back Injuries, biokinetics, bone, Child, competition, Concussion, contusion, Craniocerebral Trauma, economic evaluation, economics, follow up, football, Football/economics, Football/economics/cost analysis, Football/injuries (MeSH terms), fracture, Fractures, head injury, Health, health care cost, Health Care Costs, health insurance, human, Humans, Injuries, injury, injury scale, Insurance, laceration, legal guardian, Lower Extremity, lower limb, major clinical study, Male, MEDICAL care, muscle cramp, muscle strain, Neck Injuries, neck injury, Occupational Therapy, Parent, physical medicine, physiotherapy, radiodiagnosis, rugby, skin bruising, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, Trauma Severity Indices, Upper Extremity, upper limb, Wounds and Injuries
@article{Brown2015b,
title = {The economic burden of time-loss injuries to youth players participating in week-long rugby union tournaments},
author = {Brown, J C and Viljoen, W and Lambert, M I and Readhead, C and Fuller, C and {Van Mechelen}, W and Verhagen, E},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsams.2014.06.015},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Science \& Medicine in Sport},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {394--399},
abstract = {Objectives: Rugby Union ("rugby") is a popular sport with high injury risk. Burden of injury is described by the incidence and severity of injury. However reports have ignored the monetary cost of injuries. Therefore the aim of this study was to describe the monetary cost associated with youth rugby injuries. Design: This descriptive study quantified medical treatments of injured players at the South African Rugby Union Youth tournaments in 2011/2012 and the days of work parents missed as a result of the injuries. A health insurer used these data to calculate associated costs. Methods: Legal guardians of the 421 injured players were contacted telephonically on a weekly basis until they returned to play. Treatments costs were estimated in South African Rands based on 2013 insurance rates and converted to US$ using purchasing power parities. Results: Of the 3652 players, 2% (n=71) sought medical care after the tournament. For these players, average treatment costs were high (US$731 per player, 95% CI: US$425-US$1096), with fractures being the most expensive type of injury. Players with medical insurance had higher costs (US$937, 95% CI: US$486-US$1500) than those without (US$220, 95% CI: US$145-US$302). Conclusions: Although a minority of players sought follow-up treatment after the tournaments, the cost of these injuries was high. Players without medical insurance having lower costs may indicate that these players did not receive adequate treatment for their injuries. Injury prevention efforts should consider injuries with high costs and the treatment of players without medical insurance. © 2014 Sports Medicine Australia.},
keywords = {Absenteeism, Adolescent, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, Back Injuries, biokinetics, bone, Child, competition, Concussion, contusion, Craniocerebral Trauma, economic evaluation, economics, follow up, football, Football/economics, Football/economics/cost analysis, Football/injuries (MeSH terms), fracture, Fractures, head injury, Health, health care cost, Health Care Costs, health insurance, human, Humans, Injuries, injury, injury scale, Insurance, laceration, legal guardian, Lower Extremity, lower limb, major clinical study, Male, MEDICAL care, muscle cramp, muscle strain, Neck Injuries, neck injury, Occupational Therapy, Parent, physical medicine, physiotherapy, radiodiagnosis, rugby, skin bruising, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, Trauma Severity Indices, Upper Extremity, upper limb, Wounds and Injuries},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gardner, A J; Iverson, G L; Quinn, T N; Makdissi, M; Levi, C R; Shultz, S R; Wright, D K; Stanwell, P
A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1182–1185, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Article, athlete, Athletes, brain concussion, case study, clinical article, Concussion, descriptive research, EPIDEMIOLOGY, human, Incidence, Injury surveillance, observational study, rugby, sport injury, unconsciousness, videorecording
@article{Gardner2015b,
title = {A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League},
author = {Gardner, A J and Iverson, G L and Quinn, T N and Makdissi, M and Levi, C R and Shultz, S R and Wright, D K and Stanwell, P},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1034179},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {10},
pages = {1182--1185},
abstract = {Primary objective: To conduct the first video analysis of concussion in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) and describe player and injury characteristics, situational factors and time to return to play.Research design: Descriptive, observational case series.Methods and procedures: Video analysis of 20 medically diagnosed concussions for three consenting clubs during the 2013 NRL season.Main outcome and results: Most concussions (83%) occurred during a high tackle, and all injured ball carriers were hit high. Loss of consciousness was observed in 30% of cases. Common observable signs of injury included clutching of the head, balance problems or wobbly legs and a blank or vacant state. There were no post-concussive seizures. All players with loss of consciousness were removed from play. However, only half of the total sample was removed from play and one athlete who was removed returned to play in the same match. Of the players who were removed from play, the large majority returned the following week. Illegal play accounted for 25% of all concussions.Conclusions: Video analysis may be a useful method to study the incidence, mechanism and management of concussion in sports such as Rugby League. Future studies may include larger numbers to validate this preliminary data and may also investigate other levels of play and age ranges. © 2015 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {Article, athlete, Athletes, brain concussion, case study, clinical article, Concussion, descriptive research, EPIDEMIOLOGY, human, Incidence, Injury surveillance, observational study, rugby, sport injury, unconsciousness, videorecording},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cuellar, T A; Lottenberg, L; Moore, F A
Blunt cerebrovascular injury in rugby and other contact sports: Case report and review of the literature Journal Article
In: World Journal of Emergency Surgery, vol. 9, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: rugby
@article{Cuellar2014,
title = {Blunt cerebrovascular injury in rugby and other contact sports: Case report and review of the literature},
author = {Cuellar, T A and Lottenberg, L and Moore, F A},
doi = {10.1186/1749-7922-9-36},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {World Journal of Emergency Surgery},
volume = {9},
abstract = {Contact sports have long been a part of human existence. The two earliest recorded organized contact games, both of which still exist, include Royal Shrovetide Football played since the 12th century in England and Caid played since 1308 AD in Ireland. Rugby is the premier contact sport played throughout the world with the very popular derivative American football being the premier contact sport of the North American continent.American football in the USA has on average 1,205,037 players at the high school and collegiate level per year while rugby in the USA boasts a playing enrollment of 457,983 at all levels.Recent media have highlighted injury in the context of competitive contact sports including their long-term sequelae such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) that had previously been underappreciated. Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) has become a recognized injury pattern for trauma; however, a paucity of data regarding this injury can be found in the sports trauma literature.We present a case of an international level scrum-half playing Rugby Union at club level for a local non-professional team, in which a player sustained a fatal BCVI followed by a discussion of the literature surrounding sport related BCVI. © 2014 Cuellar et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {rugby},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Laubscher, Johannes A; Dijkstra, Hendrik P; Strydom, Gert L; Peters, Elsebé
Academic consequences of very mild and mild traumatic brain injuries in secondary school rugby players Journal Article
In: African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation & Dance, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 221–230, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *BRAIN -- Concussion, *BRAIN damage, *HIGH schools, *RUGBY football injuries, *RUGBY football players, *SCHOOL sports, Academic performance, Concussion, Neuropsychological Tests, rugby, SCHOOL failure, Secondary Education, sub-concussive injuries
@article{Laubscher2010,
title = {Academic consequences of very mild and mild traumatic brain injuries in secondary school rugby players},
author = {Laubscher, Johannes A and Dijkstra, Hendrik P and Strydom, Gert L and Peters, Elseb\'{e}},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation \& Dance},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {221--230},
abstract = {Information on the consequences of mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI#) on secondary school rugby players has been documented, but studies on the academic consequences of repetitive sub-concussive injuries or so-called very mild traumatic brain injuries (vMTBI) are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the last two years academic performances of secondary school rugby players suffering very mild (vMTBI), and mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) with sedentary control group. A cohort of 35 secondary school male rugby players (divided into a sub-concussive (vMTBI) group (group 1) (n=26) and a concussive (MTBI) group (group 2) (n=9) at the end of a secondary school rugby season and ten (n=10) participants that were not involved in contact sport (control group 3), were used. The academic results of the participants in the subjects Afrikaans, English, Mathematics and Sciences were obtained from the secondary school records. Group 1 (vMTBI group) and group 2 (MTBI group) showed a statistically significant (p⩽0.05) decrease in academic performance in Afrikaans when compared between year 1 and year 2, (group 1},
keywords = {*BRAIN -- Concussion, *BRAIN damage, *HIGH schools, *RUGBY football injuries, *RUGBY football players, *SCHOOL sports, Academic performance, Concussion, Neuropsychological Tests, rugby, SCHOOL failure, Secondary Education, sub-concussive injuries},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reider, Bruce
Activating the Omega 13 Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 275–277, 2017, ISBN: 03635465.
@article{Reider2017,
title = {Activating the Omega 13},
author = {Reider, Bruce},
doi = {10.1177/0363546517690145},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {275--277},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bunworth, R
In: International Sports Law Journal, vol. 16, no. 1-2, pp. 82–98, 2016.
@article{Bunworth2016,
title = {Egg-shell skulls or institutional negligence? The liability of World Rugby for incidents of concussion suffered by professional players in England and Ireland},
author = {Bunworth, R},
doi = {10.1007/s40318-016-0095-y},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {International Sports Law Journal},
volume = {16},
number = {1-2},
pages = {82--98},
abstract = {The number of incidents of concussion in professional rugby union is increasing steadily. In the English Rugby Premiership, concussion was the most frequent injury suffered by professional players in each of the last 3 seasons. Further, there is developing evidence of a link between suffering repeated concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a degenerative brain disease. World Rugby’s principal response to the growing problem of concussion in rugby has been through the introduction of the Pitch Side Concussion Assessment and the Return to Play protocols. Few amendments have been made to the playing rules of the sport with the express intention of reducing the frequency with which concussions occur. The article explores whether World Rugby could be found to owe professional rugby players a duty of care under the laws of negligence in England and Ireland. The article then goes on to examine if World Rugby could be found to have acted negligently in its response to the issue of concussion, through the adoption of its concussion management rules and its failure to amend the playing rules of the sport in an attempt to prevent concussions from occurring. Following this, the article analyses the difficulty which a potential plaintiff would face in establishing causation in a negligence action against World Rugby. The article concludes with suggested changes which World Rugby could implement to lessen the possibility of a finding that it has acted negligently in relation to players’ safety. © 2016, T.M.C. Asser Instituut.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Patton, D A; McIntosh, A S
Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 29–42, 2016.
@article{Patton2016b,
title = {Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear},
author = {Patton, D A and McIntosh, A S},
doi = {10.1177/1754337115615482},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {230},
number = {1},
pages = {29--42},
abstract = {Laboratory and epidemiological research in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union has demonstrated that commercially available soft-shell padded headgear is currently ineffective in reducing the risk of concussion. However, modified headgear studies have demonstrated that significant improvements in impact energy attenuation performance are possible with small design changes, such as increases in foam density and thickness. A literature review of the design, performance and use of headgear in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union was conducted. A total of 23 articles were identified using primary and secondary search strategies, which included epidemiological field studies, laboratory impact test studies and studies investigating the behaviours and attitudes of players. The results of the review were synthesised and used to identify injury reduction objectives and appropriate design criteria. The need for a headgear standard was identified and performance requirements were discussed, which drew upon human tolerance and sports-specific head impact exposure data. Usability and behavioural issues, which require consideration during the design process, were also assessed. © IMechE 2015.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Alexander, D G; Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B; Kidd, M; Malcolm, C M
Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1113–1125, 2015.
@article{Alexander2015,
title = {Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes},
author = {Alexander, D G and Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B and Kidd, M and Malcolm, C M},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1031699},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {1113--1125},
abstract = {Background: Information is scant concerning enduring brain injury effects of participation in the contact sport of Rugby Union (hereafter rugby) on early adolescents.Objective: The objective was prospectively to investigate differences between young adolescent male rugby players and non-contact sports controls on neurocognitive test performance over 3 years and academic achievement over 6 years.Method: A sample of boys from the same school and grade was divided into three groups: rugby with seasonal concussions (n = 45), rugby no seasonal concussions (n = 21) and non-contact sports controls (n = 30). Baseline neurocognitive testing was conducted pre-season in Grade 7 and post-season in Grades 8 and 9. Year-end academic grades were documented for Grades 6-9 and 12 (pre-high school to year of school leaving). A mixed model repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to investigate comparative neurocognitive and academic outcomes between the three sub-groups.Results: Compared with controls, both rugby groups were significantly lower on the WISC-III Coding Immediate Recall sub-test. There was a significant interaction effect on the academic measure, with improved scores over time for controls, that was not in evidence for either rugby group.Conclusions: Tentatively, the outcome suggests cognitive vulnerability in association with school level participation in rugby. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hinton-Bayre, A D
Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion Journal Article
In: Brain Impairment, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2015.
@article{Hinton-Bayre2015,
title = {Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion},
author = {Hinton-Bayre, A D},
doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2015.14},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Impairment},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {80--89},
abstract = {Objective: Obtaining baseline neuropsychological (NP) data to assist management of sports-related concussion has been considered the standard of care. The validity of this approach has been questioned, with suggestions that post-concussion testing alone will suffice. The present study compared the sensitivity of baseline and normative paradigms in the setting of sports-related concussion. Method: Baseline NP data were collected for 194 Australian rugby league athletes on a brief battery of paper-and-pencil NP tests. During competition, 27 athletes sustaining concussion referred from a sports physician were retested within two days of injury. Twenty-six uninjured controls were assessed at similar intervals. The baseline paradigm was assessed using a reliable change index for pre- and post-concussion scores. The normative paradigm was assessed comparing the post-concussion score to a normative mean. Results: The baseline paradigm was consistently more sensitive to negative change following concussion than the normative paradigm when using continuous data, despite reasonable agreement. However, when data were categorised as 'impaired' or 'not-impaired', using either 68% or 90% confidence intervals, the difference between paradigms failed to reach significance. Comparison of ROC curves for both paradigms found superior overall classification for one test and the composite score using baseline comparison data. Conclusions: Despite being a time and resource intensive process, the baseline paradigm as a repeated-measures design may be more sensitive than the between-subjects design of the normative paradigm for detecting changes following concussion. Further work is required to determine the validity of normative assessment in sports-related concussion. Copyright © Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment 2015.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Edlow, B L; Hinson, H E
Blowing the whistle on sports concussions Journal Article
In: Neurology, vol. 85, no. 17, pp. 1442–1443, 2015.
@article{Edlow2015,
title = {Blowing the whistle on sports concussions},
author = {Edlow, B L and Hinson, H E},
doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000001902},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Neurology},
volume = {85},
number = {17},
pages = {1442--1443},
abstract = {On March 13, 2015, Chris Borland, a star rookie linebacker on the San Francisco 49ers, announced his early retirement from professional football, citing concerns about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Borland, who had a history of 2 diagnosed concussions, walked away from a multi-million-dollar contract and potential sports superstardom, explaining that "from what I've researched and what I've experienced, I don't think it's worth the risk." 1 Perhaps just as surprising as Borland's announcement was the support he received from teammates and other athletes-support that reflects a growing recognition in the athletic community that repetitive head trauma may be associated with CTE and other forms of dementia. 2 Indeed, in a recent legal settlement, the National Football League estimated that approximately 30% of its former players will develop dementia. At the high school and college levels, state legislatures and universities have enacted limits to the number of full-contact practices, citing similar concerns about concussions. These developments have prompted a societal conversation about the risks of contact sports. © 2015 American Academy of Neurology.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brown, J C; Viljoen, W; Lambert, M I; Readhead, C; Fuller, C; Van Mechelen, W; Verhagen, E
The economic burden of time-loss injuries to youth players participating in week-long rugby union tournaments Journal Article
In: Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 394–399, 2015.
@article{Brown2015b,
title = {The economic burden of time-loss injuries to youth players participating in week-long rugby union tournaments},
author = {Brown, J C and Viljoen, W and Lambert, M I and Readhead, C and Fuller, C and {Van Mechelen}, W and Verhagen, E},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsams.2014.06.015},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Science \& Medicine in Sport},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {394--399},
abstract = {Objectives: Rugby Union ("rugby") is a popular sport with high injury risk. Burden of injury is described by the incidence and severity of injury. However reports have ignored the monetary cost of injuries. Therefore the aim of this study was to describe the monetary cost associated with youth rugby injuries. Design: This descriptive study quantified medical treatments of injured players at the South African Rugby Union Youth tournaments in 2011/2012 and the days of work parents missed as a result of the injuries. A health insurer used these data to calculate associated costs. Methods: Legal guardians of the 421 injured players were contacted telephonically on a weekly basis until they returned to play. Treatments costs were estimated in South African Rands based on 2013 insurance rates and converted to US$ using purchasing power parities. Results: Of the 3652 players, 2% (n=71) sought medical care after the tournament. For these players, average treatment costs were high (US$731 per player, 95% CI: US$425-US$1096), with fractures being the most expensive type of injury. Players with medical insurance had higher costs (US$937, 95% CI: US$486-US$1500) than those without (US$220, 95% CI: US$145-US$302). Conclusions: Although a minority of players sought follow-up treatment after the tournaments, the cost of these injuries was high. Players without medical insurance having lower costs may indicate that these players did not receive adequate treatment for their injuries. Injury prevention efforts should consider injuries with high costs and the treatment of players without medical insurance. © 2014 Sports Medicine Australia.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gardner, A J; Iverson, G L; Quinn, T N; Makdissi, M; Levi, C R; Shultz, S R; Wright, D K; Stanwell, P
A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1182–1185, 2015.
@article{Gardner2015b,
title = {A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League},
author = {Gardner, A J and Iverson, G L and Quinn, T N and Makdissi, M and Levi, C R and Shultz, S R and Wright, D K and Stanwell, P},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1034179},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {10},
pages = {1182--1185},
abstract = {Primary objective: To conduct the first video analysis of concussion in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) and describe player and injury characteristics, situational factors and time to return to play.Research design: Descriptive, observational case series.Methods and procedures: Video analysis of 20 medically diagnosed concussions for three consenting clubs during the 2013 NRL season.Main outcome and results: Most concussions (83%) occurred during a high tackle, and all injured ball carriers were hit high. Loss of consciousness was observed in 30% of cases. Common observable signs of injury included clutching of the head, balance problems or wobbly legs and a blank or vacant state. There were no post-concussive seizures. All players with loss of consciousness were removed from play. However, only half of the total sample was removed from play and one athlete who was removed returned to play in the same match. Of the players who were removed from play, the large majority returned the following week. Illegal play accounted for 25% of all concussions.Conclusions: Video analysis may be a useful method to study the incidence, mechanism and management of concussion in sports such as Rugby League. Future studies may include larger numbers to validate this preliminary data and may also investigate other levels of play and age ranges. © 2015 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cuellar, T A; Lottenberg, L; Moore, F A
Blunt cerebrovascular injury in rugby and other contact sports: Case report and review of the literature Journal Article
In: World Journal of Emergency Surgery, vol. 9, 2014.
@article{Cuellar2014,
title = {Blunt cerebrovascular injury in rugby and other contact sports: Case report and review of the literature},
author = {Cuellar, T A and Lottenberg, L and Moore, F A},
doi = {10.1186/1749-7922-9-36},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {World Journal of Emergency Surgery},
volume = {9},
abstract = {Contact sports have long been a part of human existence. The two earliest recorded organized contact games, both of which still exist, include Royal Shrovetide Football played since the 12th century in England and Caid played since 1308 AD in Ireland. Rugby is the premier contact sport played throughout the world with the very popular derivative American football being the premier contact sport of the North American continent.American football in the USA has on average 1,205,037 players at the high school and collegiate level per year while rugby in the USA boasts a playing enrollment of 457,983 at all levels.Recent media have highlighted injury in the context of competitive contact sports including their long-term sequelae such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) that had previously been underappreciated. Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) has become a recognized injury pattern for trauma; however, a paucity of data regarding this injury can be found in the sports trauma literature.We present a case of an international level scrum-half playing Rugby Union at club level for a local non-professional team, in which a player sustained a fatal BCVI followed by a discussion of the literature surrounding sport related BCVI. © 2014 Cuellar et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Laubscher, Johannes A; Dijkstra, Hendrik P; Strydom, Gert L; Peters, Elsebé
Academic consequences of very mild and mild traumatic brain injuries in secondary school rugby players Journal Article
In: African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation & Dance, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 221–230, 2010.
@article{Laubscher2010,
title = {Academic consequences of very mild and mild traumatic brain injuries in secondary school rugby players},
author = {Laubscher, Johannes A and Dijkstra, Hendrik P and Strydom, Gert L and Peters, Elseb\'{e}},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation \& Dance},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {221--230},
abstract = {Information on the consequences of mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI#) on secondary school rugby players has been documented, but studies on the academic consequences of repetitive sub-concussive injuries or so-called very mild traumatic brain injuries (vMTBI) are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the last two years academic performances of secondary school rugby players suffering very mild (vMTBI), and mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) with sedentary control group. A cohort of 35 secondary school male rugby players (divided into a sub-concussive (vMTBI) group (group 1) (n=26) and a concussive (MTBI) group (group 2) (n=9) at the end of a secondary school rugby season and ten (n=10) participants that were not involved in contact sport (control group 3), were used. The academic results of the participants in the subjects Afrikaans, English, Mathematics and Sciences were obtained from the secondary school records. Group 1 (vMTBI group) and group 2 (MTBI group) showed a statistically significant (p⩽0.05) decrease in academic performance in Afrikaans when compared between year 1 and year 2, (group 1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reider, Bruce
Activating the Omega 13 Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 275–277, 2017, ISBN: 03635465.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: ACL tear, Concussion, female athlete triad, football, Injury prevention, rugby, Soccer
@article{Reider2017,
title = {Activating the Omega 13},
author = {Reider, Bruce},
doi = {10.1177/0363546517690145},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {275--277},
keywords = {ACL tear, Concussion, female athlete triad, football, Injury prevention, rugby, Soccer},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bunworth, R
In: International Sports Law Journal, vol. 16, no. 1-2, pp. 82–98, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Concussion, Duty of care, Governing body, Liability, Negligence, rugby
@article{Bunworth2016,
title = {Egg-shell skulls or institutional negligence? The liability of World Rugby for incidents of concussion suffered by professional players in England and Ireland},
author = {Bunworth, R},
doi = {10.1007/s40318-016-0095-y},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {International Sports Law Journal},
volume = {16},
number = {1-2},
pages = {82--98},
abstract = {The number of incidents of concussion in professional rugby union is increasing steadily. In the English Rugby Premiership, concussion was the most frequent injury suffered by professional players in each of the last 3 seasons. Further, there is developing evidence of a link between suffering repeated concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a degenerative brain disease. World Rugby’s principal response to the growing problem of concussion in rugby has been through the introduction of the Pitch Side Concussion Assessment and the Return to Play protocols. Few amendments have been made to the playing rules of the sport with the express intention of reducing the frequency with which concussions occur. The article explores whether World Rugby could be found to owe professional rugby players a duty of care under the laws of negligence in England and Ireland. The article then goes on to examine if World Rugby could be found to have acted negligently in its response to the issue of concussion, through the adoption of its concussion management rules and its failure to amend the playing rules of the sport in an attempt to prevent concussions from occurring. Following this, the article analyses the difficulty which a potential plaintiff would face in establishing causation in a negligence action against World Rugby. The article concludes with suggested changes which World Rugby could implement to lessen the possibility of a finding that it has acted negligently in relation to players’ safety. © 2016, T.M.C. Asser Instituut.},
keywords = {Concussion, Duty of care, Governing body, Liability, Negligence, rugby},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Patton, D A; McIntosh, A S
Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 29–42, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Australian football, Biomechanics, Concussion, Design, Head Injuries, head injury, headgear, Injury prevention, protective equipment, rugby, Sports
@article{Patton2016b,
title = {Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear},
author = {Patton, D A and McIntosh, A S},
doi = {10.1177/1754337115615482},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {230},
number = {1},
pages = {29--42},
abstract = {Laboratory and epidemiological research in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union has demonstrated that commercially available soft-shell padded headgear is currently ineffective in reducing the risk of concussion. However, modified headgear studies have demonstrated that significant improvements in impact energy attenuation performance are possible with small design changes, such as increases in foam density and thickness. A literature review of the design, performance and use of headgear in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union was conducted. A total of 23 articles were identified using primary and secondary search strategies, which included epidemiological field studies, laboratory impact test studies and studies investigating the behaviours and attitudes of players. The results of the review were synthesised and used to identify injury reduction objectives and appropriate design criteria. The need for a headgear standard was identified and performance requirements were discussed, which drew upon human tolerance and sports-specific head impact exposure data. Usability and behavioural issues, which require consideration during the design process, were also assessed. © IMechE 2015.},
keywords = {Australian football, Biomechanics, Concussion, Design, Head Injuries, head injury, headgear, Injury prevention, protective equipment, rugby, Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Alexander, D G; Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B; Kidd, M; Malcolm, C M
Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1113–1125, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: academic achievement, Academic performance, ADOLESCENCE, Adolescent, adolescent disease, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, Child, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, Educational Status, football, human, Humans, Injuries, intelligence test, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, major clinical study, Male, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Pathophysiology, Prospective Studies, prospective study, psychologic test, psychology, rugby, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome
@article{Alexander2015,
title = {Mild traumatic brain injuries in early adolescent rugby players: Long-term neurocognitive and academic outcomes},
author = {Alexander, D G and Shuttleworth-Edwards, A B and Kidd, M and Malcolm, C M},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1031699},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {1113--1125},
abstract = {Background: Information is scant concerning enduring brain injury effects of participation in the contact sport of Rugby Union (hereafter rugby) on early adolescents.Objective: The objective was prospectively to investigate differences between young adolescent male rugby players and non-contact sports controls on neurocognitive test performance over 3 years and academic achievement over 6 years.Method: A sample of boys from the same school and grade was divided into three groups: rugby with seasonal concussions (n = 45), rugby no seasonal concussions (n = 21) and non-contact sports controls (n = 30). Baseline neurocognitive testing was conducted pre-season in Grade 7 and post-season in Grades 8 and 9. Year-end academic grades were documented for Grades 6-9 and 12 (pre-high school to year of school leaving). A mixed model repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to investigate comparative neurocognitive and academic outcomes between the three sub-groups.Results: Compared with controls, both rugby groups were significantly lower on the WISC-III Coding Immediate Recall sub-test. There was a significant interaction effect on the academic measure, with improved scores over time for controls, that was not in evidence for either rugby group.Conclusions: Tentatively, the outcome suggests cognitive vulnerability in association with school level participation in rugby. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {academic achievement, Academic performance, ADOLESCENCE, Adolescent, adolescent disease, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, Child, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, Educational Status, football, human, Humans, Injuries, intelligence test, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, major clinical study, Male, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, Pathophysiology, Prospective Studies, prospective study, psychologic test, psychology, rugby, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, TASK performance, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hinton-Bayre, A D
Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion Journal Article
In: Brain Impairment, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury
@article{Hinton-Bayre2015,
title = {Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion},
author = {Hinton-Bayre, A D},
doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2015.14},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Impairment},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {80--89},
abstract = {Objective: Obtaining baseline neuropsychological (NP) data to assist management of sports-related concussion has been considered the standard of care. The validity of this approach has been questioned, with suggestions that post-concussion testing alone will suffice. The present study compared the sensitivity of baseline and normative paradigms in the setting of sports-related concussion. Method: Baseline NP data were collected for 194 Australian rugby league athletes on a brief battery of paper-and-pencil NP tests. During competition, 27 athletes sustaining concussion referred from a sports physician were retested within two days of injury. Twenty-six uninjured controls were assessed at similar intervals. The baseline paradigm was assessed using a reliable change index for pre- and post-concussion scores. The normative paradigm was assessed comparing the post-concussion score to a normative mean. Results: The baseline paradigm was consistently more sensitive to negative change following concussion than the normative paradigm when using continuous data, despite reasonable agreement. However, when data were categorised as 'impaired' or 'not-impaired', using either 68% or 90% confidence intervals, the difference between paradigms failed to reach significance. Comparison of ROC curves for both paradigms found superior overall classification for one test and the composite score using baseline comparison data. Conclusions: Despite being a time and resource intensive process, the baseline paradigm as a repeated-measures design may be more sensitive than the between-subjects design of the normative paradigm for detecting changes following concussion. Further work is required to determine the validity of normative assessment in sports-related concussion. Copyright © Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment 2015.},
keywords = {adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Edlow, B L; Hinson, H E
Blowing the whistle on sports concussions Journal Article
In: Neurology, vol. 85, no. 17, pp. 1442–1443, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Alzheimer disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Concussion, contact sport, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, Hockey, human, memory disorder, mood disorder, pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, priority journal, Review, rugby, Soccer, sport injury, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury, wrestling
@article{Edlow2015,
title = {Blowing the whistle on sports concussions},
author = {Edlow, B L and Hinson, H E},
doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000001902},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Neurology},
volume = {85},
number = {17},
pages = {1442--1443},
abstract = {On March 13, 2015, Chris Borland, a star rookie linebacker on the San Francisco 49ers, announced his early retirement from professional football, citing concerns about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Borland, who had a history of 2 diagnosed concussions, walked away from a multi-million-dollar contract and potential sports superstardom, explaining that "from what I've researched and what I've experienced, I don't think it's worth the risk." 1 Perhaps just as surprising as Borland's announcement was the support he received from teammates and other athletes-support that reflects a growing recognition in the athletic community that repetitive head trauma may be associated with CTE and other forms of dementia. 2 Indeed, in a recent legal settlement, the National Football League estimated that approximately 30% of its former players will develop dementia. At the high school and college levels, state legislatures and universities have enacted limits to the number of full-contact practices, citing similar concerns about concussions. These developments have prompted a societal conversation about the risks of contact sports. © 2015 American Academy of Neurology.},
keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Concussion, contact sport, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, Hockey, human, memory disorder, mood disorder, pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, priority journal, Review, rugby, Soccer, sport injury, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury, wrestling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brown, J C; Viljoen, W; Lambert, M I; Readhead, C; Fuller, C; Van Mechelen, W; Verhagen, E
The economic burden of time-loss injuries to youth players participating in week-long rugby union tournaments Journal Article
In: Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 394–399, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Absenteeism, Adolescent, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, Back Injuries, biokinetics, bone, Child, competition, Concussion, contusion, Craniocerebral Trauma, economic evaluation, economics, follow up, football, Football/economics, Football/economics/cost analysis, Football/injuries (MeSH terms), fracture, Fractures, head injury, Health, health care cost, Health Care Costs, health insurance, human, Humans, Injuries, injury, injury scale, Insurance, laceration, legal guardian, Lower Extremity, lower limb, major clinical study, Male, MEDICAL care, muscle cramp, muscle strain, Neck Injuries, neck injury, Occupational Therapy, Parent, physical medicine, physiotherapy, radiodiagnosis, rugby, skin bruising, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, Trauma Severity Indices, Upper Extremity, upper limb, Wounds and Injuries
@article{Brown2015b,
title = {The economic burden of time-loss injuries to youth players participating in week-long rugby union tournaments},
author = {Brown, J C and Viljoen, W and Lambert, M I and Readhead, C and Fuller, C and {Van Mechelen}, W and Verhagen, E},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsams.2014.06.015},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Science \& Medicine in Sport},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {394--399},
abstract = {Objectives: Rugby Union ("rugby") is a popular sport with high injury risk. Burden of injury is described by the incidence and severity of injury. However reports have ignored the monetary cost of injuries. Therefore the aim of this study was to describe the monetary cost associated with youth rugby injuries. Design: This descriptive study quantified medical treatments of injured players at the South African Rugby Union Youth tournaments in 2011/2012 and the days of work parents missed as a result of the injuries. A health insurer used these data to calculate associated costs. Methods: Legal guardians of the 421 injured players were contacted telephonically on a weekly basis until they returned to play. Treatments costs were estimated in South African Rands based on 2013 insurance rates and converted to US$ using purchasing power parities. Results: Of the 3652 players, 2% (n=71) sought medical care after the tournament. For these players, average treatment costs were high (US$731 per player, 95% CI: US$425-US$1096), with fractures being the most expensive type of injury. Players with medical insurance had higher costs (US$937, 95% CI: US$486-US$1500) than those without (US$220, 95% CI: US$145-US$302). Conclusions: Although a minority of players sought follow-up treatment after the tournaments, the cost of these injuries was high. Players without medical insurance having lower costs may indicate that these players did not receive adequate treatment for their injuries. Injury prevention efforts should consider injuries with high costs and the treatment of players without medical insurance. © 2014 Sports Medicine Australia.},
keywords = {Absenteeism, Adolescent, adult, Article, Athletic Injuries, Back Injuries, biokinetics, bone, Child, competition, Concussion, contusion, Craniocerebral Trauma, economic evaluation, economics, follow up, football, Football/economics, Football/economics/cost analysis, Football/injuries (MeSH terms), fracture, Fractures, head injury, Health, health care cost, Health Care Costs, health insurance, human, Humans, Injuries, injury, injury scale, Insurance, laceration, legal guardian, Lower Extremity, lower limb, major clinical study, Male, MEDICAL care, muscle cramp, muscle strain, Neck Injuries, neck injury, Occupational Therapy, Parent, physical medicine, physiotherapy, radiodiagnosis, rugby, skin bruising, SOUTH Africa, sport injury, Trauma Severity Indices, Upper Extremity, upper limb, Wounds and Injuries},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gardner, A J; Iverson, G L; Quinn, T N; Makdissi, M; Levi, C R; Shultz, S R; Wright, D K; Stanwell, P
A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1182–1185, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Article, athlete, Athletes, brain concussion, case study, clinical article, Concussion, descriptive research, EPIDEMIOLOGY, human, Incidence, Injury surveillance, observational study, rugby, sport injury, unconsciousness, videorecording
@article{Gardner2015b,
title = {A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League},
author = {Gardner, A J and Iverson, G L and Quinn, T N and Makdissi, M and Levi, C R and Shultz, S R and Wright, D K and Stanwell, P},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1034179},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {10},
pages = {1182--1185},
abstract = {Primary objective: To conduct the first video analysis of concussion in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) and describe player and injury characteristics, situational factors and time to return to play.Research design: Descriptive, observational case series.Methods and procedures: Video analysis of 20 medically diagnosed concussions for three consenting clubs during the 2013 NRL season.Main outcome and results: Most concussions (83%) occurred during a high tackle, and all injured ball carriers were hit high. Loss of consciousness was observed in 30% of cases. Common observable signs of injury included clutching of the head, balance problems or wobbly legs and a blank or vacant state. There were no post-concussive seizures. All players with loss of consciousness were removed from play. However, only half of the total sample was removed from play and one athlete who was removed returned to play in the same match. Of the players who were removed from play, the large majority returned the following week. Illegal play accounted for 25% of all concussions.Conclusions: Video analysis may be a useful method to study the incidence, mechanism and management of concussion in sports such as Rugby League. Future studies may include larger numbers to validate this preliminary data and may also investigate other levels of play and age ranges. © 2015 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {Article, athlete, Athletes, brain concussion, case study, clinical article, Concussion, descriptive research, EPIDEMIOLOGY, human, Incidence, Injury surveillance, observational study, rugby, sport injury, unconsciousness, videorecording},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cuellar, T A; Lottenberg, L; Moore, F A
Blunt cerebrovascular injury in rugby and other contact sports: Case report and review of the literature Journal Article
In: World Journal of Emergency Surgery, vol. 9, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: rugby
@article{Cuellar2014,
title = {Blunt cerebrovascular injury in rugby and other contact sports: Case report and review of the literature},
author = {Cuellar, T A and Lottenberg, L and Moore, F A},
doi = {10.1186/1749-7922-9-36},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {World Journal of Emergency Surgery},
volume = {9},
abstract = {Contact sports have long been a part of human existence. The two earliest recorded organized contact games, both of which still exist, include Royal Shrovetide Football played since the 12th century in England and Caid played since 1308 AD in Ireland. Rugby is the premier contact sport played throughout the world with the very popular derivative American football being the premier contact sport of the North American continent.American football in the USA has on average 1,205,037 players at the high school and collegiate level per year while rugby in the USA boasts a playing enrollment of 457,983 at all levels.Recent media have highlighted injury in the context of competitive contact sports including their long-term sequelae such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) that had previously been underappreciated. Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) has become a recognized injury pattern for trauma; however, a paucity of data regarding this injury can be found in the sports trauma literature.We present a case of an international level scrum-half playing Rugby Union at club level for a local non-professional team, in which a player sustained a fatal BCVI followed by a discussion of the literature surrounding sport related BCVI. © 2014 Cuellar et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {rugby},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Laubscher, Johannes A; Dijkstra, Hendrik P; Strydom, Gert L; Peters, Elsebé
Academic consequences of very mild and mild traumatic brain injuries in secondary school rugby players Journal Article
In: African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation & Dance, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 221–230, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *BRAIN -- Concussion, *BRAIN damage, *HIGH schools, *RUGBY football injuries, *RUGBY football players, *SCHOOL sports, Academic performance, Concussion, Neuropsychological Tests, rugby, SCHOOL failure, Secondary Education, sub-concussive injuries
@article{Laubscher2010,
title = {Academic consequences of very mild and mild traumatic brain injuries in secondary school rugby players},
author = {Laubscher, Johannes A and Dijkstra, Hendrik P and Strydom, Gert L and Peters, Elseb\'{e}},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation \& Dance},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {221--230},
abstract = {Information on the consequences of mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI#) on secondary school rugby players has been documented, but studies on the academic consequences of repetitive sub-concussive injuries or so-called very mild traumatic brain injuries (vMTBI) are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the last two years academic performances of secondary school rugby players suffering very mild (vMTBI), and mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) with sedentary control group. A cohort of 35 secondary school male rugby players (divided into a sub-concussive (vMTBI) group (group 1) (n=26) and a concussive (MTBI) group (group 2) (n=9) at the end of a secondary school rugby season and ten (n=10) participants that were not involved in contact sport (control group 3), were used. The academic results of the participants in the subjects Afrikaans, English, Mathematics and Sciences were obtained from the secondary school records. Group 1 (vMTBI group) and group 2 (MTBI group) showed a statistically significant (p⩽0.05) decrease in academic performance in Afrikaans when compared between year 1 and year 2, (group 1},
keywords = {*BRAIN -- Concussion, *BRAIN damage, *HIGH schools, *RUGBY football injuries, *RUGBY football players, *SCHOOL sports, Academic performance, Concussion, Neuropsychological Tests, rugby, SCHOOL failure, Secondary Education, sub-concussive injuries},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}