Brooks, Brian L; Holdnack, James A; Iverson, Grant L
To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1026–1036, 2016, ISBN: 08876177.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cognition, Cognition Disorders, COGNITIVE testing, Geropsychology, Memory testing, mild cognitive impairment, Multivariate, MULTIVARIATE analysis, Psychometrics, Reliable change index, test-retest
@article{Brooks2016bc,
title = {To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults},
author = {Brooks, Brian L and Holdnack, James A and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1093/arclin/acw079},
isbn = {08876177},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {31},
number = {8},
pages = {1026--1036},
abstract = {Objective: The rate at which people obtain reliably improved or declined cognitive test scores when retested, in the absence of a change in clinical condition, is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the prevalence of statistically reliable change scores on memory test batteries in healthy adults and older adults. Method: Participants included three adult and older adult test-retest samples from memory test batteries. Reliable change scores (reliable change index with 90% confidence interval and practice effects) were calculated for the indexes and subtests of each battery. Multivariate analyses involved calculating the frequencies of healthy people obtaining one or more reliably declined or one or more reliably improved scores when considering all change scores simultaneously within each battery. Results: Across all batteries, having one or more reliably changed index or subtest score on retest was common. With most batteries, having two or more reliably changed scores was uncommon. Those with higher intellectual abilities were more likely to have a change on retest; however, no significant differences in base rates were found based on education level, sex, or ethnic minority status. Those older adults who did not have any low memory scores were more likely to improve than decline on retest. Conclusions: Having a single reliably changed score on retest is common when interpreting a battery of memory measures. This has implications for determining cognitive decline and cognitive recovery, suggesting that multivariate interpretation is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {cognition, Cognition Disorders, COGNITIVE testing, Geropsychology, Memory testing, mild cognitive impairment, Multivariate, MULTIVARIATE analysis, Psychometrics, Reliable change index, test-retest},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Littleton, A C; Register-Mihalik, J K; Guskiewicz, K M
Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs Journal Article
In: Sports Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 443–447, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cognition, computerized neurocognitive testing, Concussion, Concussion Vital Signs, Psychometrics
@article{Littleton2015,
title = {Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs},
author = {Littleton, A C and Register-Mihalik, J K and Guskiewicz, K M},
doi = {10.1177/1941738115586997},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {443--447},
abstract = {Background: Neurocognitive testing is an important concussion evaluation tool, but for neurocognitive tests to be useful, their psychometric properties must be well established. Test-retest reliability of computerized neurocognitive tests can influence their clinical utility. The reliability for a commonly used computerized neurocognitive test, CNS Vital Signs, is not well established. The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability and reliable change indices for CNS Vital Signs in a healthy, physically active college population. Hypothesis: CNS Vital Signs yields acceptable test-retest reliability, with greater reliability between the second and third test administration compared with between the first and second administration. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Forty healthy, active volunteers (16 men, 24 women; mean age, 21.05 ± 2.17 years) reported to a clinical laboratory for 3 sessions, 1 week apart. At each session, participants were administered CNS Vital Signs. Outcomes included standard scores for the following CNS Vital Signs domains: verbal memory, visual memory, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, processing speed, reaction time, executive functioning, and reasoning. Results: Participants performed significantly better on the second session and/or third session than they did on the first testing session on 6 of 9 neurocognitive domains. Pearson r test-retest correlations between sessions ranged from 0.11 to 0.87. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.86. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider using reliable change indices to account for practice effects, identify meaningful score changes due to pathology, and inform clinical decisions. Clinical Relevance: This study highlights the importance of clinicians understanding the psychometric properties of computerized neurocognitive tests when using them in the management of sport-related concussion. If CNS Vital Signs is administered twice within a small time frame (such as 1 week), athletes should be expected to improve between the first and second administration. © 2015, © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {cognition, computerized neurocognitive testing, Concussion, Concussion Vital Signs, Psychometrics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bigler, E D; Rosa, L; Schultz, F; Hall, S; Harris, J
Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design performance in Alzheimer's disease and closed head injury.[Erratum appears in J Clin Psychol 1989 Nov;45(6):1013] Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 277–280, 1989.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], *Brain Concussion/px [Psychology], *Form Perception, *MEMORY, *Mental Recall, *Neurocognitive Disorders/px [Psychology], *Neuropsychological Tests, *Pattern Recognition, *Verbal Learning, 80 and over, adult, aged, attention, Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Psychometrics, SPEECH perception, Visual
@article{Bigler1989,
title = {Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design performance in Alzheimer's disease and closed head injury.[Erratum appears in J Clin Psychol 1989 Nov;45(6):1013]},
author = {Bigler, E D and Rosa, L and Schultz, F and Hall, S and Harris, J},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {277--280},
abstract = {Performance on the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning (R-AVL) and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design (R-O CFD) tests was examined in patients (N = 94) with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and closed head injury (CHI). On the R-AVL, DAT patients demonstrated considerably greater impairment than CHI patients, along with a flat learning/retention curve that showed negligible improvement with repeated trials, recency effects only, and an excessive number of word intrusions (confabulation) on the recognition trial. CHI patients demonstrated both a recency and primacy effect along with improvement over repeated trials (positive slope learning curve). Both groups demonstrated impairment R-O CFD recall; the DAT group again displayed substantially greater copying and recall deficits. Clinical guidelines are given for the use of the R-AVL and R-O CFD for these two patient populations.},
keywords = {*Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], *Brain Concussion/px [Psychology], *Form Perception, *MEMORY, *Mental Recall, *Neurocognitive Disorders/px [Psychology], *Neuropsychological Tests, *Pattern Recognition, *Verbal Learning, 80 and over, adult, aged, attention, Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Psychometrics, SPEECH perception, Visual},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Heinrichs, R W; Celinski, M J
Frequency of occurrence of a WAIS dementia profile in male head trauma patients Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 187–190, 1987.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Dementia/di [Diagnosis], *Wechsler Scales, adult, Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Cerebral Hemorrhage/di [Diagnosis], Humans, middle aged, Psychometrics
@article{Heinrichs1987,
title = {Frequency of occurrence of a WAIS dementia profile in male head trauma patients},
author = {Heinrichs, R W and Celinski, M J},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical \& Experimental Neuropsychology},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {187--190},
abstract = {This study investigated Fuld's (1983) contention that a WAIS dementia profile occurs infrequently in conditions other than Alzheimer's Disease. A sample of 50 male head trauma patients was examined for incidence of the profile. The WAIS profile occurred in five cases (10%) of the patients. This compares favourably with the figures reported for patients with multiple infarcts and is consistent with Fuld's position.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Dementia/di [Diagnosis], *Wechsler Scales, adult, Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Cerebral Hemorrhage/di [Diagnosis], Humans, middle aged, Psychometrics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brooks, Brian L; Holdnack, James A; Iverson, Grant L
To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1026–1036, 2016, ISBN: 08876177.
@article{Brooks2016bc,
title = {To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults},
author = {Brooks, Brian L and Holdnack, James A and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1093/arclin/acw079},
isbn = {08876177},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {31},
number = {8},
pages = {1026--1036},
abstract = {Objective: The rate at which people obtain reliably improved or declined cognitive test scores when retested, in the absence of a change in clinical condition, is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the prevalence of statistically reliable change scores on memory test batteries in healthy adults and older adults. Method: Participants included three adult and older adult test-retest samples from memory test batteries. Reliable change scores (reliable change index with 90% confidence interval and practice effects) were calculated for the indexes and subtests of each battery. Multivariate analyses involved calculating the frequencies of healthy people obtaining one or more reliably declined or one or more reliably improved scores when considering all change scores simultaneously within each battery. Results: Across all batteries, having one or more reliably changed index or subtest score on retest was common. With most batteries, having two or more reliably changed scores was uncommon. Those with higher intellectual abilities were more likely to have a change on retest; however, no significant differences in base rates were found based on education level, sex, or ethnic minority status. Those older adults who did not have any low memory scores were more likely to improve than decline on retest. Conclusions: Having a single reliably changed score on retest is common when interpreting a battery of memory measures. This has implications for determining cognitive decline and cognitive recovery, suggesting that multivariate interpretation is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Littleton, A C; Register-Mihalik, J K; Guskiewicz, K M
Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs Journal Article
In: Sports Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 443–447, 2015.
@article{Littleton2015,
title = {Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs},
author = {Littleton, A C and Register-Mihalik, J K and Guskiewicz, K M},
doi = {10.1177/1941738115586997},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {443--447},
abstract = {Background: Neurocognitive testing is an important concussion evaluation tool, but for neurocognitive tests to be useful, their psychometric properties must be well established. Test-retest reliability of computerized neurocognitive tests can influence their clinical utility. The reliability for a commonly used computerized neurocognitive test, CNS Vital Signs, is not well established. The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability and reliable change indices for CNS Vital Signs in a healthy, physically active college population. Hypothesis: CNS Vital Signs yields acceptable test-retest reliability, with greater reliability between the second and third test administration compared with between the first and second administration. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Forty healthy, active volunteers (16 men, 24 women; mean age, 21.05 ± 2.17 years) reported to a clinical laboratory for 3 sessions, 1 week apart. At each session, participants were administered CNS Vital Signs. Outcomes included standard scores for the following CNS Vital Signs domains: verbal memory, visual memory, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, processing speed, reaction time, executive functioning, and reasoning. Results: Participants performed significantly better on the second session and/or third session than they did on the first testing session on 6 of 9 neurocognitive domains. Pearson r test-retest correlations between sessions ranged from 0.11 to 0.87. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.86. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider using reliable change indices to account for practice effects, identify meaningful score changes due to pathology, and inform clinical decisions. Clinical Relevance: This study highlights the importance of clinicians understanding the psychometric properties of computerized neurocognitive tests when using them in the management of sport-related concussion. If CNS Vital Signs is administered twice within a small time frame (such as 1 week), athletes should be expected to improve between the first and second administration. © 2015, © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bigler, E D; Rosa, L; Schultz, F; Hall, S; Harris, J
Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design performance in Alzheimer's disease and closed head injury.[Erratum appears in J Clin Psychol 1989 Nov;45(6):1013] Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 277–280, 1989.
@article{Bigler1989,
title = {Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design performance in Alzheimer's disease and closed head injury.[Erratum appears in J Clin Psychol 1989 Nov;45(6):1013]},
author = {Bigler, E D and Rosa, L and Schultz, F and Hall, S and Harris, J},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {277--280},
abstract = {Performance on the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning (R-AVL) and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design (R-O CFD) tests was examined in patients (N = 94) with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and closed head injury (CHI). On the R-AVL, DAT patients demonstrated considerably greater impairment than CHI patients, along with a flat learning/retention curve that showed negligible improvement with repeated trials, recency effects only, and an excessive number of word intrusions (confabulation) on the recognition trial. CHI patients demonstrated both a recency and primacy effect along with improvement over repeated trials (positive slope learning curve). Both groups demonstrated impairment R-O CFD recall; the DAT group again displayed substantially greater copying and recall deficits. Clinical guidelines are given for the use of the R-AVL and R-O CFD for these two patient populations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Heinrichs, R W; Celinski, M J
Frequency of occurrence of a WAIS dementia profile in male head trauma patients Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 187–190, 1987.
@article{Heinrichs1987,
title = {Frequency of occurrence of a WAIS dementia profile in male head trauma patients},
author = {Heinrichs, R W and Celinski, M J},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical \& Experimental Neuropsychology},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {187--190},
abstract = {This study investigated Fuld's (1983) contention that a WAIS dementia profile occurs infrequently in conditions other than Alzheimer's Disease. A sample of 50 male head trauma patients was examined for incidence of the profile. The WAIS profile occurred in five cases (10%) of the patients. This compares favourably with the figures reported for patients with multiple infarcts and is consistent with Fuld's position.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brooks, Brian L; Holdnack, James A; Iverson, Grant L
To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1026–1036, 2016, ISBN: 08876177.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cognition, Cognition Disorders, COGNITIVE testing, Geropsychology, Memory testing, mild cognitive impairment, Multivariate, MULTIVARIATE analysis, Psychometrics, Reliable change index, test-retest
@article{Brooks2016bc,
title = {To Change is Human: "Abnormal" Reliable Change Memory Scores are Common in Healthy Adults and Older Adults},
author = {Brooks, Brian L and Holdnack, James A and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1093/arclin/acw079},
isbn = {08876177},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {31},
number = {8},
pages = {1026--1036},
abstract = {Objective: The rate at which people obtain reliably improved or declined cognitive test scores when retested, in the absence of a change in clinical condition, is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the prevalence of statistically reliable change scores on memory test batteries in healthy adults and older adults. Method: Participants included three adult and older adult test-retest samples from memory test batteries. Reliable change scores (reliable change index with 90% confidence interval and practice effects) were calculated for the indexes and subtests of each battery. Multivariate analyses involved calculating the frequencies of healthy people obtaining one or more reliably declined or one or more reliably improved scores when considering all change scores simultaneously within each battery. Results: Across all batteries, having one or more reliably changed index or subtest score on retest was common. With most batteries, having two or more reliably changed scores was uncommon. Those with higher intellectual abilities were more likely to have a change on retest; however, no significant differences in base rates were found based on education level, sex, or ethnic minority status. Those older adults who did not have any low memory scores were more likely to improve than decline on retest. Conclusions: Having a single reliably changed score on retest is common when interpreting a battery of memory measures. This has implications for determining cognitive decline and cognitive recovery, suggesting that multivariate interpretation is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {cognition, Cognition Disorders, COGNITIVE testing, Geropsychology, Memory testing, mild cognitive impairment, Multivariate, MULTIVARIATE analysis, Psychometrics, Reliable change index, test-retest},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Littleton, A C; Register-Mihalik, J K; Guskiewicz, K M
Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs Journal Article
In: Sports Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 443–447, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cognition, computerized neurocognitive testing, Concussion, Concussion Vital Signs, Psychometrics
@article{Littleton2015,
title = {Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Concussion Test: CNS Vital Signs},
author = {Littleton, A C and Register-Mihalik, J K and Guskiewicz, K M},
doi = {10.1177/1941738115586997},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {443--447},
abstract = {Background: Neurocognitive testing is an important concussion evaluation tool, but for neurocognitive tests to be useful, their psychometric properties must be well established. Test-retest reliability of computerized neurocognitive tests can influence their clinical utility. The reliability for a commonly used computerized neurocognitive test, CNS Vital Signs, is not well established. The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability and reliable change indices for CNS Vital Signs in a healthy, physically active college population. Hypothesis: CNS Vital Signs yields acceptable test-retest reliability, with greater reliability between the second and third test administration compared with between the first and second administration. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Forty healthy, active volunteers (16 men, 24 women; mean age, 21.05 ± 2.17 years) reported to a clinical laboratory for 3 sessions, 1 week apart. At each session, participants were administered CNS Vital Signs. Outcomes included standard scores for the following CNS Vital Signs domains: verbal memory, visual memory, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, processing speed, reaction time, executive functioning, and reasoning. Results: Participants performed significantly better on the second session and/or third session than they did on the first testing session on 6 of 9 neurocognitive domains. Pearson r test-retest correlations between sessions ranged from 0.11 to 0.87. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.86. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider using reliable change indices to account for practice effects, identify meaningful score changes due to pathology, and inform clinical decisions. Clinical Relevance: This study highlights the importance of clinicians understanding the psychometric properties of computerized neurocognitive tests when using them in the management of sport-related concussion. If CNS Vital Signs is administered twice within a small time frame (such as 1 week), athletes should be expected to improve between the first and second administration. © 2015, © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {cognition, computerized neurocognitive testing, Concussion, Concussion Vital Signs, Psychometrics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bigler, E D; Rosa, L; Schultz, F; Hall, S; Harris, J
Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design performance in Alzheimer's disease and closed head injury.[Erratum appears in J Clin Psychol 1989 Nov;45(6):1013] Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 277–280, 1989.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], *Brain Concussion/px [Psychology], *Form Perception, *MEMORY, *Mental Recall, *Neurocognitive Disorders/px [Psychology], *Neuropsychological Tests, *Pattern Recognition, *Verbal Learning, 80 and over, adult, aged, attention, Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Psychometrics, SPEECH perception, Visual
@article{Bigler1989,
title = {Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design performance in Alzheimer's disease and closed head injury.[Erratum appears in J Clin Psychol 1989 Nov;45(6):1013]},
author = {Bigler, E D and Rosa, L and Schultz, F and Hall, S and Harris, J},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {277--280},
abstract = {Performance on the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning (R-AVL) and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Design (R-O CFD) tests was examined in patients (N = 94) with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and closed head injury (CHI). On the R-AVL, DAT patients demonstrated considerably greater impairment than CHI patients, along with a flat learning/retention curve that showed negligible improvement with repeated trials, recency effects only, and an excessive number of word intrusions (confabulation) on the recognition trial. CHI patients demonstrated both a recency and primacy effect along with improvement over repeated trials (positive slope learning curve). Both groups demonstrated impairment R-O CFD recall; the DAT group again displayed substantially greater copying and recall deficits. Clinical guidelines are given for the use of the R-AVL and R-O CFD for these two patient populations.},
keywords = {*Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], *Brain Concussion/px [Psychology], *Form Perception, *MEMORY, *Mental Recall, *Neurocognitive Disorders/px [Psychology], *Neuropsychological Tests, *Pattern Recognition, *Verbal Learning, 80 and over, adult, aged, attention, Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Psychometrics, SPEECH perception, Visual},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Heinrichs, R W; Celinski, M J
Frequency of occurrence of a WAIS dementia profile in male head trauma patients Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 187–190, 1987.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Dementia/di [Diagnosis], *Wechsler Scales, adult, Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Cerebral Hemorrhage/di [Diagnosis], Humans, middle aged, Psychometrics
@article{Heinrichs1987,
title = {Frequency of occurrence of a WAIS dementia profile in male head trauma patients},
author = {Heinrichs, R W and Celinski, M J},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical \& Experimental Neuropsychology},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {187--190},
abstract = {This study investigated Fuld's (1983) contention that a WAIS dementia profile occurs infrequently in conditions other than Alzheimer's Disease. A sample of 50 male head trauma patients was examined for incidence of the profile. The WAIS profile occurred in five cases (10%) of the patients. This compares favourably with the figures reported for patients with multiple infarcts and is consistent with Fuld's position.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Dementia/di [Diagnosis], *Wechsler Scales, adult, Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Cerebral Hemorrhage/di [Diagnosis], Humans, middle aged, Psychometrics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}