Webner, David; Iverson, Grant L
Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 13/14, pp. 1718–1721, 2016, ISBN: 02699052.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)
@article{Webner2016,
title = {Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years},
author = {Webner, David and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1202451},
isbn = {02699052},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {13/14},
pages = {1718--1721},
abstract = {Objective: To examine publicly-available information on all identified cases of suicide in active or former American professional football players between 1920 and the spring of 2015. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Professional American Football in the US. Participants: A cohort of 26 702 athletes who had died, retired or were currently playing in the NFL from nfl.com since 1920 was identified. Main outcome measures: Internet queries identifying 26 professional football players who completed suicide. Obituaries and news reports were reviewed. The primary outcome measures included mortality, demographic characteristics and life circumstances in professional American football players completing suicide. Results: From 1920\textendash2015, the median age of the 26 men who completed suicide was 39.5 years (range = 23\textendash85). The median number of years after retirement was 6.5 (range = 0\textendash63). Most of the deaths since 1920 have occurred in the past 15 years (58.7%) and a large percentage have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). Most of the men suffered from multiple life stressors prior to their deaths, such as retirement from sport, loss of steady income, divorce, failed business ventures, estrangement from family members and medical, psychiatric and/or substance abuse problems. Conclusions: A disproportionate number of completed suicides in current and former professional football players have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). It is well established in the literature that the causes of depression and suicidality are diverse, often multifactorial and treatable. Providing at-risk retired athletes with mental health treatment will likely reduce their suffering and improve their quality-of-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moon, K; Theodore, N
Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists? Journal Article
In: World Neurosurgery, vol. 89, pp. 720–721, 2016.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury
@article{Moon2016,
title = {Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists?},
author = {Moon, K and Theodore, N},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.073},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {World Neurosurgery},
volume = {89},
pages = {720--721},
keywords = {Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wolanin, A; Gross, M; Hong, E
Depression in athletes: Prevalence and risk factors Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 56–60, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Article, athlete, Athletes, Athletic Injuries, athletic performance, career, Career Choice, Concussion, DECISION making, depression, distress syndrome, emotional disorder, emotional stress, human, Humans, Mental Health, overtraining syndrome, Prevalence, psychology, risk factor, Risk Factors, social adaptation, social support, sport injury, SPORTS medicine, SPORTS psychology, suicide, trends
@article{Wolanin2015,
title = {Depression in athletes: Prevalence and risk factors},
author = {Wolanin, A and Gross, M and Hong, E},
doi = {10.1249/JSR.0000000000000123},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {56--60},
abstract = {Depression affects an estimated 6.7% of today's adult population in a 12-month period. The prevalence rates for certain age groups, such as young adults and older adults, are higher. There are approximately 400,000 National Collegiate Athletic Association student athletes competing each year and 5 to 7 million high school student athletes involved in competitive interscholastic sports. Given such a high prevalence rate in certain age groups and a large denominator pool of athletes, past notions that athletes are devoid of mental health issues have come under scrutiny by sports medicine providers. Initial data suggest that athletes are far from immune to depression. The purpose of this article was to review the current research on athletes and depression; particularly this article will provide an overview of studies, which have investigated the rate of depression among athletes, and discuss relevant risk factors, which may contribute to depression among athletes. Copyright © 2015 by the American College of Sports Medicine.},
keywords = {Article, athlete, Athletes, Athletic Injuries, athletic performance, career, Career Choice, Concussion, DECISION making, depression, distress syndrome, emotional disorder, emotional stress, human, Humans, Mental Health, overtraining syndrome, Prevalence, psychology, risk factor, Risk Factors, social adaptation, social support, sport injury, SPORTS medicine, SPORTS psychology, suicide, trends},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Levin, B; Bhardwaj, A
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A critical appraisal Journal Article
In: Neurocritical Care, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 334–344, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: accident, alcohol consumption, amnesia, amyloid plaque, animal, Animals, Athletic Injuries, autopsy, behavior change, Brain Injury, Chronic, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Dementia, complication, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, disease course, Encephalopathy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, human, Humans, longitudinal study, Male, Neurodegenerative, Neurodegenerative Diseases, nonhuman, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Parkinsonism, pathogenesis, pathology, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, priority journal, Pugilistic, Review, risk factor, Risk Factors, sport injury, suicide, Systematic Review, traumatic brain injury, violence
@article{Levin2014,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A critical appraisal},
author = {Levin, B and Bhardwaj, A},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896549537\&partnerID=40\&md5=138104db42f7ca99527a78bb9c821f59},
doi = {10.1007/s12028-013-9931-1},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Neurocritical Care},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {334--344},
abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) formerly known as dementia pugilistica is a long-term neurodegenerative disorder associated with repeated subconcussive head injuries in high-contact sports. We reviewed the existing literature on CTE and examined epidemiological trends, risk factors, and its temporal progression, and proposed the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that may provide unique insights to clinicians with an in-depth understanding of the disease to aid in the diagnosis and prevention, and provide future perspectives for research via search of Medline and Cochrane databases as well as manual review of bibliographies from selected articles and monographs. The prevalence of CTE in recent years is on the rise and almost exclusively affects men, with pathologic signs characterized by progressive memory loss, behavioral changes, and violent tendencies with some patients demonstrating Parkinsonian-like symptoms and signs. Many patients with CTE die following suicide, accident, or complications of drug or alcohol use. Postmortem pathologic analysis is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and A$beta$ plaques in 50 % of cases. Currently, there are no ante-mortem diagnostic criteria, but modern imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tension imaging hold promise for delineating the future diagnostic criteria. Further long-term longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate risk factors that will enhance understanding of the disease progression and its pathogenesis. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media.},
keywords = {accident, alcohol consumption, amnesia, amyloid plaque, animal, Animals, Athletic Injuries, autopsy, behavior change, Brain Injury, Chronic, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Dementia, complication, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, disease course, Encephalopathy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, human, Humans, longitudinal study, Male, Neurodegenerative, Neurodegenerative Diseases, nonhuman, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Parkinsonism, pathogenesis, pathology, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, priority journal, Pugilistic, Review, risk factor, Risk Factors, sport injury, suicide, Systematic Review, traumatic brain injury, violence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Webner, David; Iverson, Grant L
Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 13/14, pp. 1718–1721, 2016, ISBN: 02699052.
@article{Webner2016,
title = {Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years},
author = {Webner, David and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1202451},
isbn = {02699052},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {13/14},
pages = {1718--1721},
abstract = {Objective: To examine publicly-available information on all identified cases of suicide in active or former American professional football players between 1920 and the spring of 2015. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Professional American Football in the US. Participants: A cohort of 26 702 athletes who had died, retired or were currently playing in the NFL from nfl.com since 1920 was identified. Main outcome measures: Internet queries identifying 26 professional football players who completed suicide. Obituaries and news reports were reviewed. The primary outcome measures included mortality, demographic characteristics and life circumstances in professional American football players completing suicide. Results: From 1920\textendash2015, the median age of the 26 men who completed suicide was 39.5 years (range = 23\textendash85). The median number of years after retirement was 6.5 (range = 0\textendash63). Most of the deaths since 1920 have occurred in the past 15 years (58.7%) and a large percentage have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). Most of the men suffered from multiple life stressors prior to their deaths, such as retirement from sport, loss of steady income, divorce, failed business ventures, estrangement from family members and medical, psychiatric and/or substance abuse problems. Conclusions: A disproportionate number of completed suicides in current and former professional football players have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). It is well established in the literature that the causes of depression and suicidality are diverse, often multifactorial and treatable. Providing at-risk retired athletes with mental health treatment will likely reduce their suffering and improve their quality-of-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moon, K; Theodore, N
Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists? Journal Article
In: World Neurosurgery, vol. 89, pp. 720–721, 2016.
@article{Moon2016,
title = {Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists?},
author = {Moon, K and Theodore, N},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.073},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {World Neurosurgery},
volume = {89},
pages = {720--721},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wolanin, A; Gross, M; Hong, E
Depression in athletes: Prevalence and risk factors Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 56–60, 2015.
@article{Wolanin2015,
title = {Depression in athletes: Prevalence and risk factors},
author = {Wolanin, A and Gross, M and Hong, E},
doi = {10.1249/JSR.0000000000000123},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {56--60},
abstract = {Depression affects an estimated 6.7% of today's adult population in a 12-month period. The prevalence rates for certain age groups, such as young adults and older adults, are higher. There are approximately 400,000 National Collegiate Athletic Association student athletes competing each year and 5 to 7 million high school student athletes involved in competitive interscholastic sports. Given such a high prevalence rate in certain age groups and a large denominator pool of athletes, past notions that athletes are devoid of mental health issues have come under scrutiny by sports medicine providers. Initial data suggest that athletes are far from immune to depression. The purpose of this article was to review the current research on athletes and depression; particularly this article will provide an overview of studies, which have investigated the rate of depression among athletes, and discuss relevant risk factors, which may contribute to depression among athletes. Copyright © 2015 by the American College of Sports Medicine.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Levin, B; Bhardwaj, A
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A critical appraisal Journal Article
In: Neurocritical Care, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 334–344, 2014.
@article{Levin2014,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A critical appraisal},
author = {Levin, B and Bhardwaj, A},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896549537\&partnerID=40\&md5=138104db42f7ca99527a78bb9c821f59},
doi = {10.1007/s12028-013-9931-1},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Neurocritical Care},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {334--344},
abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) formerly known as dementia pugilistica is a long-term neurodegenerative disorder associated with repeated subconcussive head injuries in high-contact sports. We reviewed the existing literature on CTE and examined epidemiological trends, risk factors, and its temporal progression, and proposed the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that may provide unique insights to clinicians with an in-depth understanding of the disease to aid in the diagnosis and prevention, and provide future perspectives for research via search of Medline and Cochrane databases as well as manual review of bibliographies from selected articles and monographs. The prevalence of CTE in recent years is on the rise and almost exclusively affects men, with pathologic signs characterized by progressive memory loss, behavioral changes, and violent tendencies with some patients demonstrating Parkinsonian-like symptoms and signs. Many patients with CTE die following suicide, accident, or complications of drug or alcohol use. Postmortem pathologic analysis is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and A$beta$ plaques in 50 % of cases. Currently, there are no ante-mortem diagnostic criteria, but modern imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tension imaging hold promise for delineating the future diagnostic criteria. Further long-term longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate risk factors that will enhance understanding of the disease progression and its pathogenesis. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Webner, David; Iverson, Grant L
Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 13/14, pp. 1718–1721, 2016, ISBN: 02699052.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)
@article{Webner2016,
title = {Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years},
author = {Webner, David and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1202451},
isbn = {02699052},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {13/14},
pages = {1718--1721},
abstract = {Objective: To examine publicly-available information on all identified cases of suicide in active or former American professional football players between 1920 and the spring of 2015. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Professional American Football in the US. Participants: A cohort of 26 702 athletes who had died, retired or were currently playing in the NFL from nfl.com since 1920 was identified. Main outcome measures: Internet queries identifying 26 professional football players who completed suicide. Obituaries and news reports were reviewed. The primary outcome measures included mortality, demographic characteristics and life circumstances in professional American football players completing suicide. Results: From 1920\textendash2015, the median age of the 26 men who completed suicide was 39.5 years (range = 23\textendash85). The median number of years after retirement was 6.5 (range = 0\textendash63). Most of the deaths since 1920 have occurred in the past 15 years (58.7%) and a large percentage have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). Most of the men suffered from multiple life stressors prior to their deaths, such as retirement from sport, loss of steady income, divorce, failed business ventures, estrangement from family members and medical, psychiatric and/or substance abuse problems. Conclusions: A disproportionate number of completed suicides in current and former professional football players have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). It is well established in the literature that the causes of depression and suicidality are diverse, often multifactorial and treatable. Providing at-risk retired athletes with mental health treatment will likely reduce their suffering and improve their quality-of-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moon, K; Theodore, N
Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists? Journal Article
In: World Neurosurgery, vol. 89, pp. 720–721, 2016.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury
@article{Moon2016,
title = {Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists?},
author = {Moon, K and Theodore, N},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.073},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {World Neurosurgery},
volume = {89},
pages = {720--721},
keywords = {Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wolanin, A; Gross, M; Hong, E
Depression in athletes: Prevalence and risk factors Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 56–60, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Article, athlete, Athletes, Athletic Injuries, athletic performance, career, Career Choice, Concussion, DECISION making, depression, distress syndrome, emotional disorder, emotional stress, human, Humans, Mental Health, overtraining syndrome, Prevalence, psychology, risk factor, Risk Factors, social adaptation, social support, sport injury, SPORTS medicine, SPORTS psychology, suicide, trends
@article{Wolanin2015,
title = {Depression in athletes: Prevalence and risk factors},
author = {Wolanin, A and Gross, M and Hong, E},
doi = {10.1249/JSR.0000000000000123},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {56--60},
abstract = {Depression affects an estimated 6.7% of today's adult population in a 12-month period. The prevalence rates for certain age groups, such as young adults and older adults, are higher. There are approximately 400,000 National Collegiate Athletic Association student athletes competing each year and 5 to 7 million high school student athletes involved in competitive interscholastic sports. Given such a high prevalence rate in certain age groups and a large denominator pool of athletes, past notions that athletes are devoid of mental health issues have come under scrutiny by sports medicine providers. Initial data suggest that athletes are far from immune to depression. The purpose of this article was to review the current research on athletes and depression; particularly this article will provide an overview of studies, which have investigated the rate of depression among athletes, and discuss relevant risk factors, which may contribute to depression among athletes. Copyright © 2015 by the American College of Sports Medicine.},
keywords = {Article, athlete, Athletes, Athletic Injuries, athletic performance, career, Career Choice, Concussion, DECISION making, depression, distress syndrome, emotional disorder, emotional stress, human, Humans, Mental Health, overtraining syndrome, Prevalence, psychology, risk factor, Risk Factors, social adaptation, social support, sport injury, SPORTS medicine, SPORTS psychology, suicide, trends},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Levin, B; Bhardwaj, A
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A critical appraisal Journal Article
In: Neurocritical Care, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 334–344, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: accident, alcohol consumption, amnesia, amyloid plaque, animal, Animals, Athletic Injuries, autopsy, behavior change, Brain Injury, Chronic, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Dementia, complication, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, disease course, Encephalopathy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, human, Humans, longitudinal study, Male, Neurodegenerative, Neurodegenerative Diseases, nonhuman, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Parkinsonism, pathogenesis, pathology, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, priority journal, Pugilistic, Review, risk factor, Risk Factors, sport injury, suicide, Systematic Review, traumatic brain injury, violence
@article{Levin2014,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A critical appraisal},
author = {Levin, B and Bhardwaj, A},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896549537\&partnerID=40\&md5=138104db42f7ca99527a78bb9c821f59},
doi = {10.1007/s12028-013-9931-1},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Neurocritical Care},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {334--344},
abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) formerly known as dementia pugilistica is a long-term neurodegenerative disorder associated with repeated subconcussive head injuries in high-contact sports. We reviewed the existing literature on CTE and examined epidemiological trends, risk factors, and its temporal progression, and proposed the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that may provide unique insights to clinicians with an in-depth understanding of the disease to aid in the diagnosis and prevention, and provide future perspectives for research via search of Medline and Cochrane databases as well as manual review of bibliographies from selected articles and monographs. The prevalence of CTE in recent years is on the rise and almost exclusively affects men, with pathologic signs characterized by progressive memory loss, behavioral changes, and violent tendencies with some patients demonstrating Parkinsonian-like symptoms and signs. Many patients with CTE die following suicide, accident, or complications of drug or alcohol use. Postmortem pathologic analysis is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and A$beta$ plaques in 50 % of cases. Currently, there are no ante-mortem diagnostic criteria, but modern imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tension imaging hold promise for delineating the future diagnostic criteria. Further long-term longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate risk factors that will enhance understanding of the disease progression and its pathogenesis. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media.},
keywords = {accident, alcohol consumption, amnesia, amyloid plaque, animal, Animals, Athletic Injuries, autopsy, behavior change, Brain Injury, Chronic, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Dementia, complication, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, disease course, Encephalopathy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, human, Humans, longitudinal study, Male, Neurodegenerative, Neurodegenerative Diseases, nonhuman, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Parkinsonism, pathogenesis, pathology, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, priority journal, Pugilistic, Review, risk factor, Risk Factors, sport injury, suicide, Systematic Review, traumatic brain injury, violence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}