Loosemore, Michael P; Butler, Charles F; Khadri, Abdelhamid; McDonagh, David; Patel, Vimal A; Bailes, Julian E
Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments--A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 86–88, 2017, ISBN: 1050642X.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: acute brain injuries, Boxing, BOXING injuries, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, CROSS-sectional method, DISEASE incidence, Head Protective Devices, LONGITUDINAL method, Poisson distribution, PREVENTION, PROBABILITY theory, Relative risk (Medicine), SAFETY hats, SPORTS events, STATISTICAL hypothesis testing, traumatic brain injury, WOUNDS & injuries
@article{Loosemore2017,
title = {Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments--A Cross-Sectional Observational Study},
author = {Loosemore, Michael P and Butler, Charles F and Khadri, Abdelhamid and McDonagh, David and Patel, Vimal A and Bailes, Julian E},
isbn = {1050642X},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {86--88},
abstract = {Objective: This study looks at the changes in injuries after the implementation of a new rule by the International Boxing Association (AIBA) to remove head guards from its competitions. Design: A cross-sectional observational study performed prospectively. This brief report examines the removal of head guards in 2 different ways. The first was to examine the stoppages due to blows to the head by comparing World Series Boxing (WSB), without head guards, to other AIBA competitions with head guards. Secondly, we examined the last 3 world championships: 2009 and 2011 (with head guards) and 2013 (without head guards). Setting: World Series Boxing and AIBA world championship boxing. Participants: Boxers from WSB and AIBA world championships. Interventions: The information was recorded by ringside medical physicians. Main Outcome Measures: Stoppages per 10 000 rounds; stoppages per 1000 hours. Results: Both studies show that the number of stoppages due to head blows was significantly decreased without head guards. The studies also showed that there was a notable increase in cuts. Conclusions: Removing head guards may reduce the already small risk of acute brain injury in amateur boxing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {acute brain injuries, Boxing, BOXING injuries, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, CROSS-sectional method, DISEASE incidence, Head Protective Devices, LONGITUDINAL method, Poisson distribution, PREVENTION, PROBABILITY theory, Relative risk (Medicine), SAFETY hats, SPORTS events, STATISTICAL hypothesis testing, traumatic brain injury, WOUNDS \& injuries},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sethi, N K
Post-concussion return to boxing protocol Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 61–62, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Boxers (Sports), Boxing, Concussion, CONCUSSION policies, PHYSIOLOGY, Return-to-play, SAFETY, SPORTS -- Safety measures
@article{Sethi2016,
title = {Post-concussion return to boxing protocol},
author = {Sethi, N K},
doi = {10.17159/2078-516X/2016/v28i2a464},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {61--62},
abstract = {Background: Concussion is a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces. Immediately following a concussion, an athlete is usually advised physical and cognitive rest until post-concussion symptoms abate. The athlete then enters a stepwise return-to-play protocol. Premature return to play risks a second concussion, second impact syndrome, exacerbation and persistence of post-concussive symptoms. Various sports governing organisations such as the National Football League have developed postconcussion return to play protocols. Discussion: Professional boxing is a popular contact sport in which concussions are common. Professional boxing currently lacks a standardised post-concussion return to boxing protocol. Professional boxers are arbitrarily suspended for periods ranging from 30 to 90 days after suffering a technical knockout (TKO) due to multiple head and body shots or after a knockout (KO). For some boxers a neurology clearance is requested prior to their return to boxing. Conclusion: Developing and implementing a postconcussion return to the boxing protocol will standardise a return to boxing decision-making process and help to protect a boxer's health. This paper proposes a postconcussion return to boxing protocol with the recommendation that the proposed protocol be debated vigorously by the scientific community and evidence-based guidelines be developed by the medical community in conjunction with the professional boxing governing bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Boxers (Sports), Boxing, Concussion, CONCUSSION policies, PHYSIOLOGY, Return-to-play, SAFETY, SPORTS -- Safety measures},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moon, K; Theodore, N
Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists? Journal Article
In: World Neurosurgery, vol. 89, pp. 720–721, 2016.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury
@article{Moon2016,
title = {Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists?},
author = {Moon, K and Theodore, N},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.073},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {World Neurosurgery},
volume = {89},
pages = {720--721},
keywords = {Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gandy, S; Ikonomovic, M D; Mitsis, E; Elder, G; Ahlers, S T; Barth, J; Stone, J R; Dekosky, S T
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Clinical-biomarker correlations and current concepts in pathogenesis Journal Article
In: Molecular Neurodegeneration, vol. 9, no. 1, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: animal model, army, Article, blast injury, body fluid, Boxing, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy biological marker, Dementia, dementia pugilistica, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, executive function, experimental animal, fluorine 18, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional neuroimaging, human, molecular pathology, neuropathology, neuropsychology, nonhuman, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Occupational Exposure, positron emission tomography, punch drunk syndrome, systematic review (topic), traumatic brain injury, white matter, working memory
@article{Gandy2014a,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Clinical-biomarker correlations and current concepts in pathogenesis},
author = {Gandy, S and Ikonomovic, M D and Mitsis, E and Elder, G and Ahlers, S T and Barth, J and Stone, J R and Dekosky, S T},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907464163\&partnerID=40\&md5=109c916e926417c11bab99fd7b44065c},
doi = {10.1186/1750-1326-9-37},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Molecular Neurodegeneration},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
abstract = {Background: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a recently revived term used to describe a neurodegenerative process that occurs as a long term complication of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Corsellis provided one of the classic descriptions of CTE in boxers under the name "dementia pugilistica" (DP). Much recent attention has been drawn to the apparent association of CTE with contact sports (football, soccer, hockey) and with frequent battlefield exposure to blast waves generated by improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Recently, a promising serum biomarker has been identified by measurement of serum levels of the neuronal microtubule associated protein tau. New positron emission tomography (PET) ligands (e.g., [18F] T807) that identify brain tauopathy have been successfully deployed for the in vitro and in vivo detection of presumptive tauopathy in the brains of subjects with clinically probable CTE. Methods. Major academic and lay publications on DP/CTE were reviewed beginning with the 1928 paper describing the initial use of the term CTE by Martland. Results: The major current concepts in the neurological, psychiatric, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and body fluid biomarker science of DP/CTE have been summarized. Newer achievements, such as serum tau and [18F] T807 tauopathy imaging, are also introduced and their significance has been explained. Conclusion: Recent advances in the science of DP/CTE hold promise for elucidating a long sought accurate determination of the true prevalence of CTE. This information holds potentially important public health implications for estimating the risk of contact sports in inflicting permanent and/or progressive brain damage on children, adolescents, and adults. © 2014Gandy et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {animal model, army, Article, blast injury, body fluid, Boxing, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy biological marker, Dementia, dementia pugilistica, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, executive function, experimental animal, fluorine 18, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional neuroimaging, human, molecular pathology, neuropathology, neuropsychology, nonhuman, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Occupational Exposure, positron emission tomography, punch drunk syndrome, systematic review (topic), traumatic brain injury, white matter, working memory},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Montenigro, P H; Baugh, C M; Daneshvar, D H; Mez, J; Budson, A E; Au, R; Katz, D I; Cantu, R C; Stern, R A
In: Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, vol. 6, no. 5-8, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anxiety, apathy, ataxia, ataxic gait, attention, attention disturbance, behavior disorder, blunted affect, Boxing, chronic brain disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy aggression, clinical feature, clonus, cognitive defect, contact sport, delusion, Dementia, depression, depth perception, differential diagnosis, disease classification, dysarthria, dysgraphia, euphoria, executive function, fatigue, football, hopelessness, human, ice hockey, impulsiveness, insomnia, intelligence, irritability, language disability, mania, medical literature, memory disorder, mental concentration, mental instability, mood disorder, muscle weakness, neurologic gait disorder, paranoia, Parkinsonism, personality disorder, physical violence, preventive medicine, psychosis, Research Diagnostic Criteria, Review, risk factor, shuffling gait, social disability, social isolation, spastic gait, spasticity, speech disorder, sport injury, suicidal ideation, traumatic brain injury, traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, tremor, unsteady gait, violence, wrestling
@article{Montenigro2014,
title = {Clinical subtypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Literature review and proposed research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome},
author = {Montenigro, P H and Baugh, C M and Daneshvar, D H and Mez, J and Budson, A E and Au, R and Katz, D I and Cantu, R C and Stern, R A},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908410645\&partnerID=40\&md5=bab59baeecd5adb22d0f84a4ce99bd5c},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-014-0068-z},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Alzheimer's Research and Therapy},
volume = {6},
number = {5-8},
abstract = {The long-term consequences of repetitive head impacts have been described since the early 20th century. Terms such as punch drunk and dementia pugilistica were first used to describe the clinical syndromes experienced by boxers. A more generic designation, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), has been employed since the mid-1900s and has been used in recent years to describe a neurodegenerative disease found not just in boxers but in American football players, other contact sport athletes, military veterans, and others with histories of repetitive brain trauma, including concussions and subconcussive trauma. This article reviews the literature of the clinical manifestations of CTE from 202 published cases. The clinical features include impairments in mood (for example, depression and hopelessness), behavior (for example, explosivity and violence), cognition (for example, impaired memory, executive functioning, attention, and dementia), and, less commonly, motor functioning (for example, parkinsonism, ataxia, and dysarthria). We present proposed research criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) which consist of four variants or subtypes (TES behavioral/mood variant, TES cognitive variant, TES mixed variant, and TES dementia) as well as classifications of 'probable CTE' and 'possible CTE'. These proposed criteria are expected to be modified and updated as new research findings become available. They are not meant to be used for a clinical diagnosis. Rather, they should be viewed as research criteria that can be employed in studies of the underlying causes, risk factors, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CTE and related disorders. © 2014 Montenigro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {Anxiety, apathy, ataxia, ataxic gait, attention, attention disturbance, behavior disorder, blunted affect, Boxing, chronic brain disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy aggression, clinical feature, clonus, cognitive defect, contact sport, delusion, Dementia, depression, depth perception, differential diagnosis, disease classification, dysarthria, dysgraphia, euphoria, executive function, fatigue, football, hopelessness, human, ice hockey, impulsiveness, insomnia, intelligence, irritability, language disability, mania, medical literature, memory disorder, mental concentration, mental instability, mood disorder, muscle weakness, neurologic gait disorder, paranoia, Parkinsonism, personality disorder, physical violence, preventive medicine, psychosis, Research Diagnostic Criteria, Review, risk factor, shuffling gait, social disability, social isolation, spastic gait, spasticity, speech disorder, sport injury, suicidal ideation, traumatic brain injury, traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, tremor, unsteady gait, violence, wrestling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Martinez-Perez, R; Paredes, I; Munarriz, P M; Paredes, B; Ale´n, J F
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: The unknown disease Journal Article
In: Neurologia, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Boxing, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Adolescent, Dementia, Encefalopathy, Knock out, Sports
@article{Martinez-Perez2014,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: The unknown disease},
author = {Martinez-Perez, R and Paredes, I and Munarriz, P M and Paredes, B and Ale´n, J F},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919487317\&partnerID=40\&md5=ee638d6204f00d8a68039e520307c5e3},
doi = {10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.009},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Neurologia},
abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a neurodegenerative disease produced by accumulated minor traumatic brain injuries; no definitive premortem diagnosis and no treatments are available for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Risk factors associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy include playing contact sports, presence of the apolipoprotein E4, and old age. Although it shares certain histopathological findings with Alzheimer disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy has a more specific presentation (hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposited as neurofibrillary tangles, associated with neuropil threads and sometimes with beta-amyloid plaques). Its clinical presentation is insidious; patients show mild cognitive and emotional symptoms before progressing to parkinsonian motor signs and finally dementia. Results from new experimental diagnostic tools are promising, but these tools are not yet available. The mainstay of managing this disease is prevention and early detection of its first symptoms. © 2014 Sociedad Espa\~{n}ola de Neurologi´a.},
keywords = {Boxing, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Adolescent, Dementia, Encefalopathy, Knock out, Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ravdin, Lisa D; Barr, William B; Jordan, Barry; Lathan, William E; Relkin, Norman R
Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 13, pp. 21–27, 2003.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Boxing
@article{Ravdin2003,
title = {Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers},
author = {Ravdin, Lisa D and Barr, William B and Jordan, Barry and Lathan, William E and Relkin, Norman R},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {13},
pages = {21--27},
address = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA. ldravin@med.cornell.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine recovery of cognitive function within one month following subconcussive sports related head trauma. DESIGN: A prospective study of New York State licensed professional boxers who underwent testing of cognitive functioning before and after (within days, one week, and one month) a professional bout. SETTING: Male professional athletes recruited from the New York State Athletic Commission and local boxing gyms. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six licensed professional boxers were enrolled in the protocol. Data is presented on the 18 participants who completed testing on at least three of the four time points. INTERVENTIONS: Serial neuropsychological assessment before and after the athletes engaged in competition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuropsychological measures of cognitive functioning, including new learning and memory, information processing speed, and mental flexibility. RESULTS: A series of repeated measures MANOVAS revealed significant within subject differences across testing on complex information processing and verbal fluency. Post hoc analyses indicated significant differences between time 1 (baseline) and time 4 (one month post), with scores one month following the bout indicating significantly improved performance. Memory scores did not change significantly across testing; however, prior boxing exposure measured by total number of professional bouts was associated with poorer memory performance. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive testing one month following participation in a professional boxing bout yielded scores suggestive of recovery to a level above the baseline. We conclude that baseline assessment taken during periods of intense training are likely confounded by other pre-bout conditions (i.e., sparring, rapid weight loss, pre-bout anxiety) and do not represent true baseline abilities. Instability of performance associated with mild head injury may complicate the interpretation of post-injury assessments. Practice effects may also confound the interpretation of serial assessments, leading to underestimation of the effects of sports related head trauma. Poorer cognitive performance was evident during the presumed recovery period in boxers with greater exposure to the sport (\>12 professional bouts). This finding is consistent with reports of a cumulative effect of repetitive head trauma and the subsequent development of chronic traumatic brain injury. These data have implications for assessing recovery of function following head injury in players of other contact sports as well as determination of return-to-play following an injury.},
keywords = {Boxing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Loosemore, Michael P; Butler, Charles F; Khadri, Abdelhamid; McDonagh, David; Patel, Vimal A; Bailes, Julian E
Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments--A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 86–88, 2017, ISBN: 1050642X.
@article{Loosemore2017,
title = {Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments--A Cross-Sectional Observational Study},
author = {Loosemore, Michael P and Butler, Charles F and Khadri, Abdelhamid and McDonagh, David and Patel, Vimal A and Bailes, Julian E},
isbn = {1050642X},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {86--88},
abstract = {Objective: This study looks at the changes in injuries after the implementation of a new rule by the International Boxing Association (AIBA) to remove head guards from its competitions. Design: A cross-sectional observational study performed prospectively. This brief report examines the removal of head guards in 2 different ways. The first was to examine the stoppages due to blows to the head by comparing World Series Boxing (WSB), without head guards, to other AIBA competitions with head guards. Secondly, we examined the last 3 world championships: 2009 and 2011 (with head guards) and 2013 (without head guards). Setting: World Series Boxing and AIBA world championship boxing. Participants: Boxers from WSB and AIBA world championships. Interventions: The information was recorded by ringside medical physicians. Main Outcome Measures: Stoppages per 10 000 rounds; stoppages per 1000 hours. Results: Both studies show that the number of stoppages due to head blows was significantly decreased without head guards. The studies also showed that there was a notable increase in cuts. Conclusions: Removing head guards may reduce the already small risk of acute brain injury in amateur boxing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sethi, N K
Post-concussion return to boxing protocol Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 61–62, 2016.
@article{Sethi2016,
title = {Post-concussion return to boxing protocol},
author = {Sethi, N K},
doi = {10.17159/2078-516X/2016/v28i2a464},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {61--62},
abstract = {Background: Concussion is a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces. Immediately following a concussion, an athlete is usually advised physical and cognitive rest until post-concussion symptoms abate. The athlete then enters a stepwise return-to-play protocol. Premature return to play risks a second concussion, second impact syndrome, exacerbation and persistence of post-concussive symptoms. Various sports governing organisations such as the National Football League have developed postconcussion return to play protocols. Discussion: Professional boxing is a popular contact sport in which concussions are common. Professional boxing currently lacks a standardised post-concussion return to boxing protocol. Professional boxers are arbitrarily suspended for periods ranging from 30 to 90 days after suffering a technical knockout (TKO) due to multiple head and body shots or after a knockout (KO). For some boxers a neurology clearance is requested prior to their return to boxing. Conclusion: Developing and implementing a postconcussion return to the boxing protocol will standardise a return to boxing decision-making process and help to protect a boxer's health. This paper proposes a postconcussion return to boxing protocol with the recommendation that the proposed protocol be debated vigorously by the scientific community and evidence-based guidelines be developed by the medical community in conjunction with the professional boxing governing bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moon, K; Theodore, N
Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists? Journal Article
In: World Neurosurgery, vol. 89, pp. 720–721, 2016.
@article{Moon2016,
title = {Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists?},
author = {Moon, K and Theodore, N},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.073},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {World Neurosurgery},
volume = {89},
pages = {720--721},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gandy, S; Ikonomovic, M D; Mitsis, E; Elder, G; Ahlers, S T; Barth, J; Stone, J R; Dekosky, S T
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Clinical-biomarker correlations and current concepts in pathogenesis Journal Article
In: Molecular Neurodegeneration, vol. 9, no. 1, 2014.
@article{Gandy2014a,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Clinical-biomarker correlations and current concepts in pathogenesis},
author = {Gandy, S and Ikonomovic, M D and Mitsis, E and Elder, G and Ahlers, S T and Barth, J and Stone, J R and Dekosky, S T},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907464163\&partnerID=40\&md5=109c916e926417c11bab99fd7b44065c},
doi = {10.1186/1750-1326-9-37},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Molecular Neurodegeneration},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
abstract = {Background: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a recently revived term used to describe a neurodegenerative process that occurs as a long term complication of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Corsellis provided one of the classic descriptions of CTE in boxers under the name "dementia pugilistica" (DP). Much recent attention has been drawn to the apparent association of CTE with contact sports (football, soccer, hockey) and with frequent battlefield exposure to blast waves generated by improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Recently, a promising serum biomarker has been identified by measurement of serum levels of the neuronal microtubule associated protein tau. New positron emission tomography (PET) ligands (e.g., [18F] T807) that identify brain tauopathy have been successfully deployed for the in vitro and in vivo detection of presumptive tauopathy in the brains of subjects with clinically probable CTE. Methods. Major academic and lay publications on DP/CTE were reviewed beginning with the 1928 paper describing the initial use of the term CTE by Martland. Results: The major current concepts in the neurological, psychiatric, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and body fluid biomarker science of DP/CTE have been summarized. Newer achievements, such as serum tau and [18F] T807 tauopathy imaging, are also introduced and their significance has been explained. Conclusion: Recent advances in the science of DP/CTE hold promise for elucidating a long sought accurate determination of the true prevalence of CTE. This information holds potentially important public health implications for estimating the risk of contact sports in inflicting permanent and/or progressive brain damage on children, adolescents, and adults. © 2014Gandy et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Montenigro, P H; Baugh, C M; Daneshvar, D H; Mez, J; Budson, A E; Au, R; Katz, D I; Cantu, R C; Stern, R A
In: Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, vol. 6, no. 5-8, 2014.
@article{Montenigro2014,
title = {Clinical subtypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Literature review and proposed research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome},
author = {Montenigro, P H and Baugh, C M and Daneshvar, D H and Mez, J and Budson, A E and Au, R and Katz, D I and Cantu, R C and Stern, R A},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908410645\&partnerID=40\&md5=bab59baeecd5adb22d0f84a4ce99bd5c},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-014-0068-z},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Alzheimer's Research and Therapy},
volume = {6},
number = {5-8},
abstract = {The long-term consequences of repetitive head impacts have been described since the early 20th century. Terms such as punch drunk and dementia pugilistica were first used to describe the clinical syndromes experienced by boxers. A more generic designation, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), has been employed since the mid-1900s and has been used in recent years to describe a neurodegenerative disease found not just in boxers but in American football players, other contact sport athletes, military veterans, and others with histories of repetitive brain trauma, including concussions and subconcussive trauma. This article reviews the literature of the clinical manifestations of CTE from 202 published cases. The clinical features include impairments in mood (for example, depression and hopelessness), behavior (for example, explosivity and violence), cognition (for example, impaired memory, executive functioning, attention, and dementia), and, less commonly, motor functioning (for example, parkinsonism, ataxia, and dysarthria). We present proposed research criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) which consist of four variants or subtypes (TES behavioral/mood variant, TES cognitive variant, TES mixed variant, and TES dementia) as well as classifications of 'probable CTE' and 'possible CTE'. These proposed criteria are expected to be modified and updated as new research findings become available. They are not meant to be used for a clinical diagnosis. Rather, they should be viewed as research criteria that can be employed in studies of the underlying causes, risk factors, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CTE and related disorders. © 2014 Montenigro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Martinez-Perez, R; Paredes, I; Munarriz, P M; Paredes, B; Ale´n, J F
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: The unknown disease Journal Article
In: Neurologia, 2014.
@article{Martinez-Perez2014,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: The unknown disease},
author = {Martinez-Perez, R and Paredes, I and Munarriz, P M and Paredes, B and Ale´n, J F},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919487317\&partnerID=40\&md5=ee638d6204f00d8a68039e520307c5e3},
doi = {10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.009},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Neurologia},
abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a neurodegenerative disease produced by accumulated minor traumatic brain injuries; no definitive premortem diagnosis and no treatments are available for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Risk factors associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy include playing contact sports, presence of the apolipoprotein E4, and old age. Although it shares certain histopathological findings with Alzheimer disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy has a more specific presentation (hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposited as neurofibrillary tangles, associated with neuropil threads and sometimes with beta-amyloid plaques). Its clinical presentation is insidious; patients show mild cognitive and emotional symptoms before progressing to parkinsonian motor signs and finally dementia. Results from new experimental diagnostic tools are promising, but these tools are not yet available. The mainstay of managing this disease is prevention and early detection of its first symptoms. © 2014 Sociedad Espa\~{n}ola de Neurologi´a.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ravdin, Lisa D; Barr, William B; Jordan, Barry; Lathan, William E; Relkin, Norman R
Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 13, pp. 21–27, 2003.
@article{Ravdin2003,
title = {Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers},
author = {Ravdin, Lisa D and Barr, William B and Jordan, Barry and Lathan, William E and Relkin, Norman R},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {13},
pages = {21--27},
address = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA. ldravin@med.cornell.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine recovery of cognitive function within one month following subconcussive sports related head trauma. DESIGN: A prospective study of New York State licensed professional boxers who underwent testing of cognitive functioning before and after (within days, one week, and one month) a professional bout. SETTING: Male professional athletes recruited from the New York State Athletic Commission and local boxing gyms. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six licensed professional boxers were enrolled in the protocol. Data is presented on the 18 participants who completed testing on at least three of the four time points. INTERVENTIONS: Serial neuropsychological assessment before and after the athletes engaged in competition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuropsychological measures of cognitive functioning, including new learning and memory, information processing speed, and mental flexibility. RESULTS: A series of repeated measures MANOVAS revealed significant within subject differences across testing on complex information processing and verbal fluency. Post hoc analyses indicated significant differences between time 1 (baseline) and time 4 (one month post), with scores one month following the bout indicating significantly improved performance. Memory scores did not change significantly across testing; however, prior boxing exposure measured by total number of professional bouts was associated with poorer memory performance. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive testing one month following participation in a professional boxing bout yielded scores suggestive of recovery to a level above the baseline. We conclude that baseline assessment taken during periods of intense training are likely confounded by other pre-bout conditions (i.e., sparring, rapid weight loss, pre-bout anxiety) and do not represent true baseline abilities. Instability of performance associated with mild head injury may complicate the interpretation of post-injury assessments. Practice effects may also confound the interpretation of serial assessments, leading to underestimation of the effects of sports related head trauma. Poorer cognitive performance was evident during the presumed recovery period in boxers with greater exposure to the sport (\>12 professional bouts). This finding is consistent with reports of a cumulative effect of repetitive head trauma and the subsequent development of chronic traumatic brain injury. These data have implications for assessing recovery of function following head injury in players of other contact sports as well as determination of return-to-play following an injury.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Loosemore, Michael P; Butler, Charles F; Khadri, Abdelhamid; McDonagh, David; Patel, Vimal A; Bailes, Julian E
Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments--A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 86–88, 2017, ISBN: 1050642X.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: acute brain injuries, Boxing, BOXING injuries, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, CROSS-sectional method, DISEASE incidence, Head Protective Devices, LONGITUDINAL method, Poisson distribution, PREVENTION, PROBABILITY theory, Relative risk (Medicine), SAFETY hats, SPORTS events, STATISTICAL hypothesis testing, traumatic brain injury, WOUNDS & injuries
@article{Loosemore2017,
title = {Use of Head Guards in AIBA Boxing Tournaments--A Cross-Sectional Observational Study},
author = {Loosemore, Michael P and Butler, Charles F and Khadri, Abdelhamid and McDonagh, David and Patel, Vimal A and Bailes, Julian E},
isbn = {1050642X},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {86--88},
abstract = {Objective: This study looks at the changes in injuries after the implementation of a new rule by the International Boxing Association (AIBA) to remove head guards from its competitions. Design: A cross-sectional observational study performed prospectively. This brief report examines the removal of head guards in 2 different ways. The first was to examine the stoppages due to blows to the head by comparing World Series Boxing (WSB), without head guards, to other AIBA competitions with head guards. Secondly, we examined the last 3 world championships: 2009 and 2011 (with head guards) and 2013 (without head guards). Setting: World Series Boxing and AIBA world championship boxing. Participants: Boxers from WSB and AIBA world championships. Interventions: The information was recorded by ringside medical physicians. Main Outcome Measures: Stoppages per 10 000 rounds; stoppages per 1000 hours. Results: Both studies show that the number of stoppages due to head blows was significantly decreased without head guards. The studies also showed that there was a notable increase in cuts. Conclusions: Removing head guards may reduce the already small risk of acute brain injury in amateur boxing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {acute brain injuries, Boxing, BOXING injuries, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, CROSS-sectional method, DISEASE incidence, Head Protective Devices, LONGITUDINAL method, Poisson distribution, PREVENTION, PROBABILITY theory, Relative risk (Medicine), SAFETY hats, SPORTS events, STATISTICAL hypothesis testing, traumatic brain injury, WOUNDS \& injuries},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sethi, N K
Post-concussion return to boxing protocol Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 61–62, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Boxers (Sports), Boxing, Concussion, CONCUSSION policies, PHYSIOLOGY, Return-to-play, SAFETY, SPORTS -- Safety measures
@article{Sethi2016,
title = {Post-concussion return to boxing protocol},
author = {Sethi, N K},
doi = {10.17159/2078-516X/2016/v28i2a464},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {61--62},
abstract = {Background: Concussion is a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces. Immediately following a concussion, an athlete is usually advised physical and cognitive rest until post-concussion symptoms abate. The athlete then enters a stepwise return-to-play protocol. Premature return to play risks a second concussion, second impact syndrome, exacerbation and persistence of post-concussive symptoms. Various sports governing organisations such as the National Football League have developed postconcussion return to play protocols. Discussion: Professional boxing is a popular contact sport in which concussions are common. Professional boxing currently lacks a standardised post-concussion return to boxing protocol. Professional boxers are arbitrarily suspended for periods ranging from 30 to 90 days after suffering a technical knockout (TKO) due to multiple head and body shots or after a knockout (KO). For some boxers a neurology clearance is requested prior to their return to boxing. Conclusion: Developing and implementing a postconcussion return to the boxing protocol will standardise a return to boxing decision-making process and help to protect a boxer's health. This paper proposes a postconcussion return to boxing protocol with the recommendation that the proposed protocol be debated vigorously by the scientific community and evidence-based guidelines be developed by the medical community in conjunction with the professional boxing governing bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Boxers (Sports), Boxing, Concussion, CONCUSSION policies, PHYSIOLOGY, Return-to-play, SAFETY, SPORTS -- Safety measures},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moon, K; Theodore, N
Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists? Journal Article
In: World Neurosurgery, vol. 89, pp. 720–721, 2016.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury
@article{Moon2016,
title = {Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: How Much Evidence Actually Exists?},
author = {Moon, K and Theodore, N},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.073},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {World Neurosurgery},
volume = {89},
pages = {720--721},
keywords = {Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, amyloid plaque, anxiety disorder, apolipoprotein E, Article, behavior disorder, Boxing, brain atrophy, brain concussion, brain degeneration, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, cognitive defect, degenerative disease, depression, environmental factor, football, frontotemporal dementia, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genetic susceptibility, human, motor control, Neuroanatomy, opiate addiction, Parkinson disease, protein phosphorylation, scar formation, septum pellucidum, sport injury, substantia nigra, suicide, TAR DNA binding protein, tau protein, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gandy, S; Ikonomovic, M D; Mitsis, E; Elder, G; Ahlers, S T; Barth, J; Stone, J R; Dekosky, S T
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Clinical-biomarker correlations and current concepts in pathogenesis Journal Article
In: Molecular Neurodegeneration, vol. 9, no. 1, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: animal model, army, Article, blast injury, body fluid, Boxing, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy biological marker, Dementia, dementia pugilistica, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, executive function, experimental animal, fluorine 18, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional neuroimaging, human, molecular pathology, neuropathology, neuropsychology, nonhuman, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Occupational Exposure, positron emission tomography, punch drunk syndrome, systematic review (topic), traumatic brain injury, white matter, working memory
@article{Gandy2014a,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Clinical-biomarker correlations and current concepts in pathogenesis},
author = {Gandy, S and Ikonomovic, M D and Mitsis, E and Elder, G and Ahlers, S T and Barth, J and Stone, J R and Dekosky, S T},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907464163\&partnerID=40\&md5=109c916e926417c11bab99fd7b44065c},
doi = {10.1186/1750-1326-9-37},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Molecular Neurodegeneration},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
abstract = {Background: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a recently revived term used to describe a neurodegenerative process that occurs as a long term complication of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Corsellis provided one of the classic descriptions of CTE in boxers under the name "dementia pugilistica" (DP). Much recent attention has been drawn to the apparent association of CTE with contact sports (football, soccer, hockey) and with frequent battlefield exposure to blast waves generated by improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Recently, a promising serum biomarker has been identified by measurement of serum levels of the neuronal microtubule associated protein tau. New positron emission tomography (PET) ligands (e.g., [18F] T807) that identify brain tauopathy have been successfully deployed for the in vitro and in vivo detection of presumptive tauopathy in the brains of subjects with clinically probable CTE. Methods. Major academic and lay publications on DP/CTE were reviewed beginning with the 1928 paper describing the initial use of the term CTE by Martland. Results: The major current concepts in the neurological, psychiatric, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and body fluid biomarker science of DP/CTE have been summarized. Newer achievements, such as serum tau and [18F] T807 tauopathy imaging, are also introduced and their significance has been explained. Conclusion: Recent advances in the science of DP/CTE hold promise for elucidating a long sought accurate determination of the true prevalence of CTE. This information holds potentially important public health implications for estimating the risk of contact sports in inflicting permanent and/or progressive brain damage on children, adolescents, and adults. © 2014Gandy et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {animal model, army, Article, blast injury, body fluid, Boxing, chronic disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy biological marker, Dementia, dementia pugilistica, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, executive function, experimental animal, fluorine 18, football, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional neuroimaging, human, molecular pathology, neuropathology, neuropsychology, nonhuman, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Occupational Exposure, positron emission tomography, punch drunk syndrome, systematic review (topic), traumatic brain injury, white matter, working memory},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Montenigro, P H; Baugh, C M; Daneshvar, D H; Mez, J; Budson, A E; Au, R; Katz, D I; Cantu, R C; Stern, R A
In: Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, vol. 6, no. 5-8, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anxiety, apathy, ataxia, ataxic gait, attention, attention disturbance, behavior disorder, blunted affect, Boxing, chronic brain disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy aggression, clinical feature, clonus, cognitive defect, contact sport, delusion, Dementia, depression, depth perception, differential diagnosis, disease classification, dysarthria, dysgraphia, euphoria, executive function, fatigue, football, hopelessness, human, ice hockey, impulsiveness, insomnia, intelligence, irritability, language disability, mania, medical literature, memory disorder, mental concentration, mental instability, mood disorder, muscle weakness, neurologic gait disorder, paranoia, Parkinsonism, personality disorder, physical violence, preventive medicine, psychosis, Research Diagnostic Criteria, Review, risk factor, shuffling gait, social disability, social isolation, spastic gait, spasticity, speech disorder, sport injury, suicidal ideation, traumatic brain injury, traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, tremor, unsteady gait, violence, wrestling
@article{Montenigro2014,
title = {Clinical subtypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Literature review and proposed research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome},
author = {Montenigro, P H and Baugh, C M and Daneshvar, D H and Mez, J and Budson, A E and Au, R and Katz, D I and Cantu, R C and Stern, R A},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908410645\&partnerID=40\&md5=bab59baeecd5adb22d0f84a4ce99bd5c},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-014-0068-z},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Alzheimer's Research and Therapy},
volume = {6},
number = {5-8},
abstract = {The long-term consequences of repetitive head impacts have been described since the early 20th century. Terms such as punch drunk and dementia pugilistica were first used to describe the clinical syndromes experienced by boxers. A more generic designation, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), has been employed since the mid-1900s and has been used in recent years to describe a neurodegenerative disease found not just in boxers but in American football players, other contact sport athletes, military veterans, and others with histories of repetitive brain trauma, including concussions and subconcussive trauma. This article reviews the literature of the clinical manifestations of CTE from 202 published cases. The clinical features include impairments in mood (for example, depression and hopelessness), behavior (for example, explosivity and violence), cognition (for example, impaired memory, executive functioning, attention, and dementia), and, less commonly, motor functioning (for example, parkinsonism, ataxia, and dysarthria). We present proposed research criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) which consist of four variants or subtypes (TES behavioral/mood variant, TES cognitive variant, TES mixed variant, and TES dementia) as well as classifications of 'probable CTE' and 'possible CTE'. These proposed criteria are expected to be modified and updated as new research findings become available. They are not meant to be used for a clinical diagnosis. Rather, they should be viewed as research criteria that can be employed in studies of the underlying causes, risk factors, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CTE and related disorders. © 2014 Montenigro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.},
keywords = {Anxiety, apathy, ataxia, ataxic gait, attention, attention disturbance, behavior disorder, blunted affect, Boxing, chronic brain disease, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy aggression, clinical feature, clonus, cognitive defect, contact sport, delusion, Dementia, depression, depth perception, differential diagnosis, disease classification, dysarthria, dysgraphia, euphoria, executive function, fatigue, football, hopelessness, human, ice hockey, impulsiveness, insomnia, intelligence, irritability, language disability, mania, medical literature, memory disorder, mental concentration, mental instability, mood disorder, muscle weakness, neurologic gait disorder, paranoia, Parkinsonism, personality disorder, physical violence, preventive medicine, psychosis, Research Diagnostic Criteria, Review, risk factor, shuffling gait, social disability, social isolation, spastic gait, spasticity, speech disorder, sport injury, suicidal ideation, traumatic brain injury, traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, tremor, unsteady gait, violence, wrestling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Martinez-Perez, R; Paredes, I; Munarriz, P M; Paredes, B; Ale´n, J F
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: The unknown disease Journal Article
In: Neurologia, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Boxing, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Adolescent, Dementia, Encefalopathy, Knock out, Sports
@article{Martinez-Perez2014,
title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: The unknown disease},
author = {Martinez-Perez, R and Paredes, I and Munarriz, P M and Paredes, B and Ale´n, J F},
url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919487317\&partnerID=40\&md5=ee638d6204f00d8a68039e520307c5e3},
doi = {10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.009},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Neurologia},
abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a neurodegenerative disease produced by accumulated minor traumatic brain injuries; no definitive premortem diagnosis and no treatments are available for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Risk factors associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy include playing contact sports, presence of the apolipoprotein E4, and old age. Although it shares certain histopathological findings with Alzheimer disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy has a more specific presentation (hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposited as neurofibrillary tangles, associated with neuropil threads and sometimes with beta-amyloid plaques). Its clinical presentation is insidious; patients show mild cognitive and emotional symptoms before progressing to parkinsonian motor signs and finally dementia. Results from new experimental diagnostic tools are promising, but these tools are not yet available. The mainstay of managing this disease is prevention and early detection of its first symptoms. © 2014 Sociedad Espa\~{n}ola de Neurologi´a.},
keywords = {Boxing, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Adolescent, Dementia, Encefalopathy, Knock out, Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ravdin, Lisa D; Barr, William B; Jordan, Barry; Lathan, William E; Relkin, Norman R
Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 13, pp. 21–27, 2003.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Boxing
@article{Ravdin2003,
title = {Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers},
author = {Ravdin, Lisa D and Barr, William B and Jordan, Barry and Lathan, William E and Relkin, Norman R},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {13},
pages = {21--27},
address = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA. ldravin@med.cornell.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine recovery of cognitive function within one month following subconcussive sports related head trauma. DESIGN: A prospective study of New York State licensed professional boxers who underwent testing of cognitive functioning before and after (within days, one week, and one month) a professional bout. SETTING: Male professional athletes recruited from the New York State Athletic Commission and local boxing gyms. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six licensed professional boxers were enrolled in the protocol. Data is presented on the 18 participants who completed testing on at least three of the four time points. INTERVENTIONS: Serial neuropsychological assessment before and after the athletes engaged in competition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuropsychological measures of cognitive functioning, including new learning and memory, information processing speed, and mental flexibility. RESULTS: A series of repeated measures MANOVAS revealed significant within subject differences across testing on complex information processing and verbal fluency. Post hoc analyses indicated significant differences between time 1 (baseline) and time 4 (one month post), with scores one month following the bout indicating significantly improved performance. Memory scores did not change significantly across testing; however, prior boxing exposure measured by total number of professional bouts was associated with poorer memory performance. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive testing one month following participation in a professional boxing bout yielded scores suggestive of recovery to a level above the baseline. We conclude that baseline assessment taken during periods of intense training are likely confounded by other pre-bout conditions (i.e., sparring, rapid weight loss, pre-bout anxiety) and do not represent true baseline abilities. Instability of performance associated with mild head injury may complicate the interpretation of post-injury assessments. Practice effects may also confound the interpretation of serial assessments, leading to underestimation of the effects of sports related head trauma. Poorer cognitive performance was evident during the presumed recovery period in boxers with greater exposure to the sport (\>12 professional bouts). This finding is consistent with reports of a cumulative effect of repetitive head trauma and the subsequent development of chronic traumatic brain injury. These data have implications for assessing recovery of function following head injury in players of other contact sports as well as determination of return-to-play following an injury.},
keywords = {Boxing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}