Webner, David; Iverson, Grant L
Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 13/14, pp. 1718–1721, 2016, ISBN: 02699052.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)
@article{Webner2016,
title = {Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years},
author = {Webner, David and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1202451},
isbn = {02699052},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {13/14},
pages = {1718--1721},
abstract = {Objective: To examine publicly-available information on all identified cases of suicide in active or former American professional football players between 1920 and the spring of 2015. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Professional American Football in the US. Participants: A cohort of 26 702 athletes who had died, retired or were currently playing in the NFL from nfl.com since 1920 was identified. Main outcome measures: Internet queries identifying 26 professional football players who completed suicide. Obituaries and news reports were reviewed. The primary outcome measures included mortality, demographic characteristics and life circumstances in professional American football players completing suicide. Results: From 1920\textendash2015, the median age of the 26 men who completed suicide was 39.5 years (range = 23\textendash85). The median number of years after retirement was 6.5 (range = 0\textendash63). Most of the deaths since 1920 have occurred in the past 15 years (58.7%) and a large percentage have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). Most of the men suffered from multiple life stressors prior to their deaths, such as retirement from sport, loss of steady income, divorce, failed business ventures, estrangement from family members and medical, psychiatric and/or substance abuse problems. Conclusions: A disproportionate number of completed suicides in current and former professional football players have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). It is well established in the literature that the causes of depression and suicidality are diverse, often multifactorial and treatable. Providing at-risk retired athletes with mental health treatment will likely reduce their suffering and improve their quality-of-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hutchison, M G; Comper, P; Meeuwisse, W H; Echemendia, R J
A systematic video analysis of National Hockey League (NHL) concussions, part II: how concussions occur in the NHL Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 49, pp. 552–555, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Professional Sports
@article{Hutchison2015b,
title = {A systematic video analysis of National Hockey League (NHL) concussions, part II: how concussions occur in the NHL},
author = {Hutchison, M G and Comper, P and Meeuwisse, W H and Echemendia, R J},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {49},
pages = {552--555},
address = {Hutchison,Michael G. David L. MacIntosh Sport Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Kinesiology \& Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Injury Prevention Research Office, Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concussions in sports are a growing cause of concern, as these injuries can have debilitating short-term effects and little is known about the potential long-term consequences. This work aims to describe how concussions occur in the National Hockey League. METHODS: Case series of medically diagnosed concussions for regular season games over a 3.5-year period during the 2006-2010 seasons. Digital video records were coded and analysed using a standardised protocol. RESULTS: 88% (n=174/197) of concussions involved player-to-opponent contact. 16 diagnosed concussions were a result of fighting. Of the 158 concussions that involved player-to-opponent body contact, the most common mechanisms were direct contact to the head initiated by the shoulder 42% of the time (n=66/158), by the elbow 15% (n=24/158) and by gloves in 5% of cases (n=8/158). When the results of anatomical location are combined with initial contact, almost half of these events (n=74/158) were classified as direct contact to the lateral aspect of the head. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant mechanism of concussion was consistently characterised by player-to-opponent contact, typically directed to the head by the shoulder, elbow or gloves. Also, several important characteristics were apparent: (1) contact was often to the lateral aspect of the head; (2) the player who suffered a concussion was often not in possession of the puck and (3) no penalty was called on the play.},
keywords = {Professional Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shahim, P; Mattsson, N; Macy, E M; Crimmins, D L; Ladenson, J H; Zetterberg, H; Blennow, K; Tegner, Y
Serum visinin-like protein-1 in concussed professional ice hockey players Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, pp. 872–876, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Professional Sports
@article{Shahim2015,
title = {Serum visinin-like protein-1 in concussed professional ice hockey players},
author = {Shahim, P and Mattsson, N and Macy, E M and Crimmins, D L and Ladenson, J H and Zetterberg, H and Blennow, K and Tegner, Y},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
pages = {872--876},
address = {Shahim,Pashtun. Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Molndal , Sweden .},
abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) has shown potential utility as a biomarker for neuronal injury in cerebrospinal fluid. This study investigated serum VILIP-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in sports-related concussion. METHODS: This multi-centre prospective cohort study involved the 12 teams of the professional ice hockey league in Sweden. A total of 288 players consented to participate in the study. Thirty-five players sustained concussions, of whom 28 underwent repeated blood samplings at 1, 12, 36 and 144 hours after the trauma or when the player returned to play (7-90+ days). MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The highest levels of VILIP-1 were measured 1 hour after concussion and the levels decreased during rehabilitation, reaching a minimum level at the 36-hour sampling. However, the levels of serum VILIP-1 at 1 hour after concussion were not significantly higher than pre-season baseline values. Serum levels of VILIP-1 1 hour post-concussion did not correlate with the number of days for the concussion symptoms to resolve. Further, serum levels of VILIP-1 increased after a friendly game in players who were not concussed. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that serum VILIP-1 may not be a useful biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of sports-related concussion.},
keywords = {Professional Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Izraelski, J
Concussions in the NHL: A narrative review of the literature Journal Article
In: Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, vol. 58, pp. 346–352, 2014.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Professional Sports
@article{Izraelski2014,
title = {Concussions in the NHL: A narrative review of the literature},
author = {Izraelski, J},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association},
volume = {58},
pages = {346--352},
address = {Izraelski,Jason. Sport Science Resident, CMCC, jizraelski@gmail.com.},
abstract = {Ice hockey has been identified as a sport with a high risk for concussions. Given the health sequelae associated with the injury, a great deal of attention has been placed on its diagnosis, management and return-to-play protocols. The highest level of ice hockey in North America is played in the National Hockey League (NHL), and concussions pose a serious threat to the health of the players and the game itself. Unfortunately, the scientific literature on concussions in ice hockey is derived mostly from research conducted on youth and amateur levels of play, leaving a gap in our knowledge at the professional level. This narrative review attempts to summarize what is known about concussion incidence, mechanisms of injury and risk factors in the NHL.},
keywords = {Professional Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Webner, David; Iverson, Grant L
Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 13/14, pp. 1718–1721, 2016, ISBN: 02699052.
@article{Webner2016,
title = {Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years},
author = {Webner, David and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1202451},
isbn = {02699052},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {13/14},
pages = {1718--1721},
abstract = {Objective: To examine publicly-available information on all identified cases of suicide in active or former American professional football players between 1920 and the spring of 2015. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Professional American Football in the US. Participants: A cohort of 26 702 athletes who had died, retired or were currently playing in the NFL from nfl.com since 1920 was identified. Main outcome measures: Internet queries identifying 26 professional football players who completed suicide. Obituaries and news reports were reviewed. The primary outcome measures included mortality, demographic characteristics and life circumstances in professional American football players completing suicide. Results: From 1920\textendash2015, the median age of the 26 men who completed suicide was 39.5 years (range = 23\textendash85). The median number of years after retirement was 6.5 (range = 0\textendash63). Most of the deaths since 1920 have occurred in the past 15 years (58.7%) and a large percentage have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). Most of the men suffered from multiple life stressors prior to their deaths, such as retirement from sport, loss of steady income, divorce, failed business ventures, estrangement from family members and medical, psychiatric and/or substance abuse problems. Conclusions: A disproportionate number of completed suicides in current and former professional football players have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). It is well established in the literature that the causes of depression and suicidality are diverse, often multifactorial and treatable. Providing at-risk retired athletes with mental health treatment will likely reduce their suffering and improve their quality-of-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hutchison, M G; Comper, P; Meeuwisse, W H; Echemendia, R J
A systematic video analysis of National Hockey League (NHL) concussions, part II: how concussions occur in the NHL Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 49, pp. 552–555, 2015.
@article{Hutchison2015b,
title = {A systematic video analysis of National Hockey League (NHL) concussions, part II: how concussions occur in the NHL},
author = {Hutchison, M G and Comper, P and Meeuwisse, W H and Echemendia, R J},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {49},
pages = {552--555},
address = {Hutchison,Michael G. David L. MacIntosh Sport Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Kinesiology \& Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Injury Prevention Research Office, Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concussions in sports are a growing cause of concern, as these injuries can have debilitating short-term effects and little is known about the potential long-term consequences. This work aims to describe how concussions occur in the National Hockey League. METHODS: Case series of medically diagnosed concussions for regular season games over a 3.5-year period during the 2006-2010 seasons. Digital video records were coded and analysed using a standardised protocol. RESULTS: 88% (n=174/197) of concussions involved player-to-opponent contact. 16 diagnosed concussions were a result of fighting. Of the 158 concussions that involved player-to-opponent body contact, the most common mechanisms were direct contact to the head initiated by the shoulder 42% of the time (n=66/158), by the elbow 15% (n=24/158) and by gloves in 5% of cases (n=8/158). When the results of anatomical location are combined with initial contact, almost half of these events (n=74/158) were classified as direct contact to the lateral aspect of the head. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant mechanism of concussion was consistently characterised by player-to-opponent contact, typically directed to the head by the shoulder, elbow or gloves. Also, several important characteristics were apparent: (1) contact was often to the lateral aspect of the head; (2) the player who suffered a concussion was often not in possession of the puck and (3) no penalty was called on the play.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shahim, P; Mattsson, N; Macy, E M; Crimmins, D L; Ladenson, J H; Zetterberg, H; Blennow, K; Tegner, Y
Serum visinin-like protein-1 in concussed professional ice hockey players Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, pp. 872–876, 2015.
@article{Shahim2015,
title = {Serum visinin-like protein-1 in concussed professional ice hockey players},
author = {Shahim, P and Mattsson, N and Macy, E M and Crimmins, D L and Ladenson, J H and Zetterberg, H and Blennow, K and Tegner, Y},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
pages = {872--876},
address = {Shahim,Pashtun. Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Molndal , Sweden .},
abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) has shown potential utility as a biomarker for neuronal injury in cerebrospinal fluid. This study investigated serum VILIP-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in sports-related concussion. METHODS: This multi-centre prospective cohort study involved the 12 teams of the professional ice hockey league in Sweden. A total of 288 players consented to participate in the study. Thirty-five players sustained concussions, of whom 28 underwent repeated blood samplings at 1, 12, 36 and 144 hours after the trauma or when the player returned to play (7-90+ days). MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The highest levels of VILIP-1 were measured 1 hour after concussion and the levels decreased during rehabilitation, reaching a minimum level at the 36-hour sampling. However, the levels of serum VILIP-1 at 1 hour after concussion were not significantly higher than pre-season baseline values. Serum levels of VILIP-1 1 hour post-concussion did not correlate with the number of days for the concussion symptoms to resolve. Further, serum levels of VILIP-1 increased after a friendly game in players who were not concussed. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that serum VILIP-1 may not be a useful biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of sports-related concussion.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Izraelski, J
Concussions in the NHL: A narrative review of the literature Journal Article
In: Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, vol. 58, pp. 346–352, 2014.
@article{Izraelski2014,
title = {Concussions in the NHL: A narrative review of the literature},
author = {Izraelski, J},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association},
volume = {58},
pages = {346--352},
address = {Izraelski,Jason. Sport Science Resident, CMCC, jizraelski@gmail.com.},
abstract = {Ice hockey has been identified as a sport with a high risk for concussions. Given the health sequelae associated with the injury, a great deal of attention has been placed on its diagnosis, management and return-to-play protocols. The highest level of ice hockey in North America is played in the National Hockey League (NHL), and concussions pose a serious threat to the health of the players and the game itself. Unfortunately, the scientific literature on concussions in ice hockey is derived mostly from research conducted on youth and amateur levels of play, leaving a gap in our knowledge at the professional level. This narrative review attempts to summarize what is known about concussion incidence, mechanisms of injury and risk factors in the NHL.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Webner, David; Iverson, Grant L
Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 13/14, pp. 1718–1721, 2016, ISBN: 02699052.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)
@article{Webner2016,
title = {Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years},
author = {Webner, David and Iverson, Grant L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1202451},
isbn = {02699052},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {13/14},
pages = {1718--1721},
abstract = {Objective: To examine publicly-available information on all identified cases of suicide in active or former American professional football players between 1920 and the spring of 2015. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Professional American Football in the US. Participants: A cohort of 26 702 athletes who had died, retired or were currently playing in the NFL from nfl.com since 1920 was identified. Main outcome measures: Internet queries identifying 26 professional football players who completed suicide. Obituaries and news reports were reviewed. The primary outcome measures included mortality, demographic characteristics and life circumstances in professional American football players completing suicide. Results: From 1920\textendash2015, the median age of the 26 men who completed suicide was 39.5 years (range = 23\textendash85). The median number of years after retirement was 6.5 (range = 0\textendash63). Most of the deaths since 1920 have occurred in the past 15 years (58.7%) and a large percentage have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). Most of the men suffered from multiple life stressors prior to their deaths, such as retirement from sport, loss of steady income, divorce, failed business ventures, estrangement from family members and medical, psychiatric and/or substance abuse problems. Conclusions: A disproportionate number of completed suicides in current and former professional football players have occurred since 2009 (42.3%). It is well established in the literature that the causes of depression and suicidality are diverse, often multifactorial and treatable. Providing at-risk retired athletes with mental health treatment will likely reduce their suffering and improve their quality-of-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Athletes, BRAIN damage, CHRONIC diseases, CHRONIC pain, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Research, football, Internet, Life change events, LONGITUDINAL method, MENTAL depression, MORTALITY, Professional athletes, Professional Sports, psychology, RESEARCH -- Methodology, Retirement, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, STRESS (Psychology), suicide, Suicide -- Risk factors, Suicide -- United States, UNITED States, WORK experience (Employment)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hutchison, M G; Comper, P; Meeuwisse, W H; Echemendia, R J
A systematic video analysis of National Hockey League (NHL) concussions, part II: how concussions occur in the NHL Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 49, pp. 552–555, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Professional Sports
@article{Hutchison2015b,
title = {A systematic video analysis of National Hockey League (NHL) concussions, part II: how concussions occur in the NHL},
author = {Hutchison, M G and Comper, P and Meeuwisse, W H and Echemendia, R J},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {49},
pages = {552--555},
address = {Hutchison,Michael G. David L. MacIntosh Sport Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Kinesiology \& Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Injury Prevention Research Office, Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concussions in sports are a growing cause of concern, as these injuries can have debilitating short-term effects and little is known about the potential long-term consequences. This work aims to describe how concussions occur in the National Hockey League. METHODS: Case series of medically diagnosed concussions for regular season games over a 3.5-year period during the 2006-2010 seasons. Digital video records were coded and analysed using a standardised protocol. RESULTS: 88% (n=174/197) of concussions involved player-to-opponent contact. 16 diagnosed concussions were a result of fighting. Of the 158 concussions that involved player-to-opponent body contact, the most common mechanisms were direct contact to the head initiated by the shoulder 42% of the time (n=66/158), by the elbow 15% (n=24/158) and by gloves in 5% of cases (n=8/158). When the results of anatomical location are combined with initial contact, almost half of these events (n=74/158) were classified as direct contact to the lateral aspect of the head. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant mechanism of concussion was consistently characterised by player-to-opponent contact, typically directed to the head by the shoulder, elbow or gloves. Also, several important characteristics were apparent: (1) contact was often to the lateral aspect of the head; (2) the player who suffered a concussion was often not in possession of the puck and (3) no penalty was called on the play.},
keywords = {Professional Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shahim, P; Mattsson, N; Macy, E M; Crimmins, D L; Ladenson, J H; Zetterberg, H; Blennow, K; Tegner, Y
Serum visinin-like protein-1 in concussed professional ice hockey players Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, pp. 872–876, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Professional Sports
@article{Shahim2015,
title = {Serum visinin-like protein-1 in concussed professional ice hockey players},
author = {Shahim, P and Mattsson, N and Macy, E M and Crimmins, D L and Ladenson, J H and Zetterberg, H and Blennow, K and Tegner, Y},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
pages = {872--876},
address = {Shahim,Pashtun. Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Molndal , Sweden .},
abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) has shown potential utility as a biomarker for neuronal injury in cerebrospinal fluid. This study investigated serum VILIP-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in sports-related concussion. METHODS: This multi-centre prospective cohort study involved the 12 teams of the professional ice hockey league in Sweden. A total of 288 players consented to participate in the study. Thirty-five players sustained concussions, of whom 28 underwent repeated blood samplings at 1, 12, 36 and 144 hours after the trauma or when the player returned to play (7-90+ days). MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The highest levels of VILIP-1 were measured 1 hour after concussion and the levels decreased during rehabilitation, reaching a minimum level at the 36-hour sampling. However, the levels of serum VILIP-1 at 1 hour after concussion were not significantly higher than pre-season baseline values. Serum levels of VILIP-1 1 hour post-concussion did not correlate with the number of days for the concussion symptoms to resolve. Further, serum levels of VILIP-1 increased after a friendly game in players who were not concussed. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that serum VILIP-1 may not be a useful biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of sports-related concussion.},
keywords = {Professional Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Izraelski, J
Concussions in the NHL: A narrative review of the literature Journal Article
In: Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, vol. 58, pp. 346–352, 2014.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Professional Sports
@article{Izraelski2014,
title = {Concussions in the NHL: A narrative review of the literature},
author = {Izraelski, J},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association},
volume = {58},
pages = {346--352},
address = {Izraelski,Jason. Sport Science Resident, CMCC, jizraelski@gmail.com.},
abstract = {Ice hockey has been identified as a sport with a high risk for concussions. Given the health sequelae associated with the injury, a great deal of attention has been placed on its diagnosis, management and return-to-play protocols. The highest level of ice hockey in North America is played in the National Hockey League (NHL), and concussions pose a serious threat to the health of the players and the game itself. Unfortunately, the scientific literature on concussions in ice hockey is derived mostly from research conducted on youth and amateur levels of play, leaving a gap in our knowledge at the professional level. This narrative review attempts to summarize what is known about concussion incidence, mechanisms of injury and risk factors in the NHL.},
keywords = {Professional Sports},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}