Kontos, A P; Sufrinko, A; Womble, M; Kegel, N
In: Current Pain & Headache Reports, vol. 20, no. 6, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Baseline, brain function, Computerized assessment battery, computerized neuropsychological test, Concussion, evidence based practice, human, MEDICAL research, Neurocognitive tests, Neuropsychological evaluation, neuropsychological test, paper and pencil neuropsychological test, psychologic assessment, reliability, Review, Sport, TASK performance
@article{Kontos2016b,
title = {Neuropsychological Assessment Following Concussion: an Evidence‐Based Review of the Role of Neuropsychological Assessment Pre- and Post-Concussion},
author = {Kontos, A P and Sufrinko, A and Womble, M and Kegel, N},
doi = {10.1007/s11916-016-0571-y},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Current Pain \& Headache Reports},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
abstract = {Neuropsychological evaluation is one component of a comprehensive and multifaceted assessment following concussion. Although some neuropsychologists use a “hybrid” assessment approach integrating computerized neurocognitive testing batteries with traditional paper and pencil tests, computerized neurocognitive test batteries are the predominant testing modality for assessment of athletes from the youth to professional level. This review summarizes the most recent research supporting the utility of neuropsychological evaluation and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of both computerized and traditional neuropsychological testing approaches. The most up to date research and guidelines on baseline neurocognitive testing is also discussed. This paper addresses concerns regarding reliability of neuropsychological testing while providing an overview of factors that influence test performance, both transient situational factors (e.g., pain level, anxiety) and characteristics of particular subgroups (e.g., age, preexisting learning disabilities), warranting the expertise of an experienced neuropsychologist for interpretation. Currently, research is moving forward by integrating neuropsychological evaluation with emerging assessment approaches for other domains of brain function (e.g., vestibular function) vulnerable to concussion. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
keywords = {Baseline, brain function, Computerized assessment battery, computerized neuropsychological test, Concussion, evidence based practice, human, MEDICAL research, Neurocognitive tests, Neuropsychological evaluation, neuropsychological test, paper and pencil neuropsychological test, psychologic assessment, reliability, Review, Sport, TASK performance},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Caccese, J B; Kaminski, T W
Comparing computer-derived and human-observed scores for the Balance Error Scoring System Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 133–136, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Concussion, postural stability, reliability
@article{Caccese2016bb,
title = {Comparing computer-derived and human-observed scores for the Balance Error Scoring System},
author = {Caccese, J B and Kaminski, T W},
doi = {10.1123/jsr.2014-0281},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport Rehabilitation},
volume = {25},
number = {2},
pages = {133--136},
abstract = {Context: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the current standard for assessing postural stability in concussed athletes on the sideline. However, research has questioned the objectivity and validity of the BESS, suggesting that while certain subcategories of the BESS have sufficient reliability to be used in evaluation of postural stability, the total score is not reliable, demonstrating limited interrater and intrarater reliability. Recently, a computerized BESS test was developed to automate scoring. Objective: To compare computerderived BESS scores with those taken from 3 trained human scorers. Design: Interrater reliability study. Setting: Athletic training room. Patients: NCAA Division I student athletes (53 male, 58 female; 19 ± 2 y, 168 ± 41 cm, 69 ± 4 kg). Interventions: Subjects were asked to perform the BESS while standing on the Tekscan (Boston, MA) MobileMat® BESS. The MobileMat BESS software displayed an error score at the end of each trial. Simultaneously, errors were recorded by 3 separate examiners. Errors were counted using the standard BESS scoring criteria. Main Outcome Measures: The number of BESS errors was computed for the 6 stances from the software and each of the 3 human scorers. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to compare errors for each stance scored by the MobileMat BESS software with each of 3 raters individually. The ICC values were converted to Fisher Z scores, averaged, and converted back into ICC values. Results: The double-leg, single-leg, and tandem-firm stances resulted in good agreement with human scorers (ICC = .999, .731, and .648). All foam stances resulted in fair agreement. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the MobileMat BESS is suitable for identifying BESS errors involving each of the 6 stances of the BESS protocol. Because the MobileMat BESS scores consistently and reliably, this system can be used with confidence by clinicians as an effective alternative to scoring the BESS. © 2016 Human Kinetics, Inc.},
keywords = {Concussion, postural stability, reliability},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Russo, C R; Lathan, C E
An Evaluation of the Consistency and Reliability of the Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment Tool Journal Article
In: Applied Psychological Measurement, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 566–572, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: CNT, Cognitive Assessment, Concussion, reliability, screening, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury
@article{Russo2015,
title = {An Evaluation of the Consistency and Reliability of the Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment Tool},
author = {Russo, C R and Lathan, C E},
doi = {10.1177/0146621615577361},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
volume = {39},
number = {7},
pages = {566--572},
abstract = {A durable, portable, and field-hardened computerized neurocognitive test (CNT) called the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) tool was recently developed to provide a practical means to conduct neurological and psychological assessment in situ. The psychometric properties of the DANA have been previously described. This present work discusses the test\textendashretest reliability of the DANA Rapid test battery, as administered to a homogeneous population of U.S. Air Force Academy football team players (N = 162) across the duration of the season. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) metric of the DANA is compared with that from two different CNTs recently reported in Cole et al., and the implications of using the metric to interpret comparative test reliability among different CNTs are discussed. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.},
keywords = {CNT, Cognitive Assessment, Concussion, reliability, screening, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hinton-Bayre, A D
Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion Journal Article
In: Brain Impairment, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury
@article{Hinton-Bayre2015,
title = {Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion},
author = {Hinton-Bayre, A D},
doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2015.14},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Impairment},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {80--89},
abstract = {Objective: Obtaining baseline neuropsychological (NP) data to assist management of sports-related concussion has been considered the standard of care. The validity of this approach has been questioned, with suggestions that post-concussion testing alone will suffice. The present study compared the sensitivity of baseline and normative paradigms in the setting of sports-related concussion. Method: Baseline NP data were collected for 194 Australian rugby league athletes on a brief battery of paper-and-pencil NP tests. During competition, 27 athletes sustaining concussion referred from a sports physician were retested within two days of injury. Twenty-six uninjured controls were assessed at similar intervals. The baseline paradigm was assessed using a reliable change index for pre- and post-concussion scores. The normative paradigm was assessed comparing the post-concussion score to a normative mean. Results: The baseline paradigm was consistently more sensitive to negative change following concussion than the normative paradigm when using continuous data, despite reasonable agreement. However, when data were categorised as 'impaired' or 'not-impaired', using either 68% or 90% confidence intervals, the difference between paradigms failed to reach significance. Comparison of ROC curves for both paradigms found superior overall classification for one test and the composite score using baseline comparison data. Conclusions: Despite being a time and resource intensive process, the baseline paradigm as a repeated-measures design may be more sensitive than the between-subjects design of the normative paradigm for detecting changes following concussion. Further work is required to determine the validity of normative assessment in sports-related concussion. Copyright © Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment 2015.},
keywords = {adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kontos, A P; Sufrinko, A; Womble, M; Kegel, N
In: Current Pain & Headache Reports, vol. 20, no. 6, 2016.
@article{Kontos2016b,
title = {Neuropsychological Assessment Following Concussion: an Evidence‐Based Review of the Role of Neuropsychological Assessment Pre- and Post-Concussion},
author = {Kontos, A P and Sufrinko, A and Womble, M and Kegel, N},
doi = {10.1007/s11916-016-0571-y},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Current Pain \& Headache Reports},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
abstract = {Neuropsychological evaluation is one component of a comprehensive and multifaceted assessment following concussion. Although some neuropsychologists use a “hybrid” assessment approach integrating computerized neurocognitive testing batteries with traditional paper and pencil tests, computerized neurocognitive test batteries are the predominant testing modality for assessment of athletes from the youth to professional level. This review summarizes the most recent research supporting the utility of neuropsychological evaluation and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of both computerized and traditional neuropsychological testing approaches. The most up to date research and guidelines on baseline neurocognitive testing is also discussed. This paper addresses concerns regarding reliability of neuropsychological testing while providing an overview of factors that influence test performance, both transient situational factors (e.g., pain level, anxiety) and characteristics of particular subgroups (e.g., age, preexisting learning disabilities), warranting the expertise of an experienced neuropsychologist for interpretation. Currently, research is moving forward by integrating neuropsychological evaluation with emerging assessment approaches for other domains of brain function (e.g., vestibular function) vulnerable to concussion. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Caccese, J B; Kaminski, T W
Comparing computer-derived and human-observed scores for the Balance Error Scoring System Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 133–136, 2016.
@article{Caccese2016bb,
title = {Comparing computer-derived and human-observed scores for the Balance Error Scoring System},
author = {Caccese, J B and Kaminski, T W},
doi = {10.1123/jsr.2014-0281},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport Rehabilitation},
volume = {25},
number = {2},
pages = {133--136},
abstract = {Context: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the current standard for assessing postural stability in concussed athletes on the sideline. However, research has questioned the objectivity and validity of the BESS, suggesting that while certain subcategories of the BESS have sufficient reliability to be used in evaluation of postural stability, the total score is not reliable, demonstrating limited interrater and intrarater reliability. Recently, a computerized BESS test was developed to automate scoring. Objective: To compare computerderived BESS scores with those taken from 3 trained human scorers. Design: Interrater reliability study. Setting: Athletic training room. Patients: NCAA Division I student athletes (53 male, 58 female; 19 ± 2 y, 168 ± 41 cm, 69 ± 4 kg). Interventions: Subjects were asked to perform the BESS while standing on the Tekscan (Boston, MA) MobileMat® BESS. The MobileMat BESS software displayed an error score at the end of each trial. Simultaneously, errors were recorded by 3 separate examiners. Errors were counted using the standard BESS scoring criteria. Main Outcome Measures: The number of BESS errors was computed for the 6 stances from the software and each of the 3 human scorers. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to compare errors for each stance scored by the MobileMat BESS software with each of 3 raters individually. The ICC values were converted to Fisher Z scores, averaged, and converted back into ICC values. Results: The double-leg, single-leg, and tandem-firm stances resulted in good agreement with human scorers (ICC = .999, .731, and .648). All foam stances resulted in fair agreement. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the MobileMat BESS is suitable for identifying BESS errors involving each of the 6 stances of the BESS protocol. Because the MobileMat BESS scores consistently and reliably, this system can be used with confidence by clinicians as an effective alternative to scoring the BESS. © 2016 Human Kinetics, Inc.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Russo, C R; Lathan, C E
An Evaluation of the Consistency and Reliability of the Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment Tool Journal Article
In: Applied Psychological Measurement, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 566–572, 2015.
@article{Russo2015,
title = {An Evaluation of the Consistency and Reliability of the Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment Tool},
author = {Russo, C R and Lathan, C E},
doi = {10.1177/0146621615577361},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
volume = {39},
number = {7},
pages = {566--572},
abstract = {A durable, portable, and field-hardened computerized neurocognitive test (CNT) called the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) tool was recently developed to provide a practical means to conduct neurological and psychological assessment in situ. The psychometric properties of the DANA have been previously described. This present work discusses the test\textendashretest reliability of the DANA Rapid test battery, as administered to a homogeneous population of U.S. Air Force Academy football team players (N = 162) across the duration of the season. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) metric of the DANA is compared with that from two different CNTs recently reported in Cole et al., and the implications of using the metric to interpret comparative test reliability among different CNTs are discussed. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hinton-Bayre, A D
Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion Journal Article
In: Brain Impairment, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2015.
@article{Hinton-Bayre2015,
title = {Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion},
author = {Hinton-Bayre, A D},
doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2015.14},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Impairment},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {80--89},
abstract = {Objective: Obtaining baseline neuropsychological (NP) data to assist management of sports-related concussion has been considered the standard of care. The validity of this approach has been questioned, with suggestions that post-concussion testing alone will suffice. The present study compared the sensitivity of baseline and normative paradigms in the setting of sports-related concussion. Method: Baseline NP data were collected for 194 Australian rugby league athletes on a brief battery of paper-and-pencil NP tests. During competition, 27 athletes sustaining concussion referred from a sports physician were retested within two days of injury. Twenty-six uninjured controls were assessed at similar intervals. The baseline paradigm was assessed using a reliable change index for pre- and post-concussion scores. The normative paradigm was assessed comparing the post-concussion score to a normative mean. Results: The baseline paradigm was consistently more sensitive to negative change following concussion than the normative paradigm when using continuous data, despite reasonable agreement. However, when data were categorised as 'impaired' or 'not-impaired', using either 68% or 90% confidence intervals, the difference between paradigms failed to reach significance. Comparison of ROC curves for both paradigms found superior overall classification for one test and the composite score using baseline comparison data. Conclusions: Despite being a time and resource intensive process, the baseline paradigm as a repeated-measures design may be more sensitive than the between-subjects design of the normative paradigm for detecting changes following concussion. Further work is required to determine the validity of normative assessment in sports-related concussion. Copyright © Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment 2015.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kontos, A P; Sufrinko, A; Womble, M; Kegel, N
In: Current Pain & Headache Reports, vol. 20, no. 6, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Baseline, brain function, Computerized assessment battery, computerized neuropsychological test, Concussion, evidence based practice, human, MEDICAL research, Neurocognitive tests, Neuropsychological evaluation, neuropsychological test, paper and pencil neuropsychological test, psychologic assessment, reliability, Review, Sport, TASK performance
@article{Kontos2016b,
title = {Neuropsychological Assessment Following Concussion: an Evidence‐Based Review of the Role of Neuropsychological Assessment Pre- and Post-Concussion},
author = {Kontos, A P and Sufrinko, A and Womble, M and Kegel, N},
doi = {10.1007/s11916-016-0571-y},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Current Pain \& Headache Reports},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
abstract = {Neuropsychological evaluation is one component of a comprehensive and multifaceted assessment following concussion. Although some neuropsychologists use a “hybrid” assessment approach integrating computerized neurocognitive testing batteries with traditional paper and pencil tests, computerized neurocognitive test batteries are the predominant testing modality for assessment of athletes from the youth to professional level. This review summarizes the most recent research supporting the utility of neuropsychological evaluation and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of both computerized and traditional neuropsychological testing approaches. The most up to date research and guidelines on baseline neurocognitive testing is also discussed. This paper addresses concerns regarding reliability of neuropsychological testing while providing an overview of factors that influence test performance, both transient situational factors (e.g., pain level, anxiety) and characteristics of particular subgroups (e.g., age, preexisting learning disabilities), warranting the expertise of an experienced neuropsychologist for interpretation. Currently, research is moving forward by integrating neuropsychological evaluation with emerging assessment approaches for other domains of brain function (e.g., vestibular function) vulnerable to concussion. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
keywords = {Baseline, brain function, Computerized assessment battery, computerized neuropsychological test, Concussion, evidence based practice, human, MEDICAL research, Neurocognitive tests, Neuropsychological evaluation, neuropsychological test, paper and pencil neuropsychological test, psychologic assessment, reliability, Review, Sport, TASK performance},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Caccese, J B; Kaminski, T W
Comparing computer-derived and human-observed scores for the Balance Error Scoring System Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 133–136, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Concussion, postural stability, reliability
@article{Caccese2016bb,
title = {Comparing computer-derived and human-observed scores for the Balance Error Scoring System},
author = {Caccese, J B and Kaminski, T W},
doi = {10.1123/jsr.2014-0281},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport Rehabilitation},
volume = {25},
number = {2},
pages = {133--136},
abstract = {Context: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the current standard for assessing postural stability in concussed athletes on the sideline. However, research has questioned the objectivity and validity of the BESS, suggesting that while certain subcategories of the BESS have sufficient reliability to be used in evaluation of postural stability, the total score is not reliable, demonstrating limited interrater and intrarater reliability. Recently, a computerized BESS test was developed to automate scoring. Objective: To compare computerderived BESS scores with those taken from 3 trained human scorers. Design: Interrater reliability study. Setting: Athletic training room. Patients: NCAA Division I student athletes (53 male, 58 female; 19 ± 2 y, 168 ± 41 cm, 69 ± 4 kg). Interventions: Subjects were asked to perform the BESS while standing on the Tekscan (Boston, MA) MobileMat® BESS. The MobileMat BESS software displayed an error score at the end of each trial. Simultaneously, errors were recorded by 3 separate examiners. Errors were counted using the standard BESS scoring criteria. Main Outcome Measures: The number of BESS errors was computed for the 6 stances from the software and each of the 3 human scorers. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to compare errors for each stance scored by the MobileMat BESS software with each of 3 raters individually. The ICC values were converted to Fisher Z scores, averaged, and converted back into ICC values. Results: The double-leg, single-leg, and tandem-firm stances resulted in good agreement with human scorers (ICC = .999, .731, and .648). All foam stances resulted in fair agreement. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the MobileMat BESS is suitable for identifying BESS errors involving each of the 6 stances of the BESS protocol. Because the MobileMat BESS scores consistently and reliably, this system can be used with confidence by clinicians as an effective alternative to scoring the BESS. © 2016 Human Kinetics, Inc.},
keywords = {Concussion, postural stability, reliability},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Russo, C R; Lathan, C E
An Evaluation of the Consistency and Reliability of the Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment Tool Journal Article
In: Applied Psychological Measurement, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 566–572, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: CNT, Cognitive Assessment, Concussion, reliability, screening, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury
@article{Russo2015,
title = {An Evaluation of the Consistency and Reliability of the Defense Automated Neurocognitive Assessment Tool},
author = {Russo, C R and Lathan, C E},
doi = {10.1177/0146621615577361},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
volume = {39},
number = {7},
pages = {566--572},
abstract = {A durable, portable, and field-hardened computerized neurocognitive test (CNT) called the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) tool was recently developed to provide a practical means to conduct neurological and psychological assessment in situ. The psychometric properties of the DANA have been previously described. This present work discusses the test\textendashretest reliability of the DANA Rapid test battery, as administered to a homogeneous population of U.S. Air Force Academy football team players (N = 162) across the duration of the season. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) metric of the DANA is compared with that from two different CNTs recently reported in Cole et al., and the implications of using the metric to interpret comparative test reliability among different CNTs are discussed. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.},
keywords = {CNT, Cognitive Assessment, Concussion, reliability, screening, sports concussion, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hinton-Bayre, A D
Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion Journal Article
In: Brain Impairment, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury
@article{Hinton-Bayre2015,
title = {Normative Versus Baseline Paradigms for Detecting Neuropsychological Impairment Following Sports-Related Concussion},
author = {Hinton-Bayre, A D},
doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2015.14},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Impairment},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {80--89},
abstract = {Objective: Obtaining baseline neuropsychological (NP) data to assist management of sports-related concussion has been considered the standard of care. The validity of this approach has been questioned, with suggestions that post-concussion testing alone will suffice. The present study compared the sensitivity of baseline and normative paradigms in the setting of sports-related concussion. Method: Baseline NP data were collected for 194 Australian rugby league athletes on a brief battery of paper-and-pencil NP tests. During competition, 27 athletes sustaining concussion referred from a sports physician were retested within two days of injury. Twenty-six uninjured controls were assessed at similar intervals. The baseline paradigm was assessed using a reliable change index for pre- and post-concussion scores. The normative paradigm was assessed comparing the post-concussion score to a normative mean. Results: The baseline paradigm was consistently more sensitive to negative change following concussion than the normative paradigm when using continuous data, despite reasonable agreement. However, when data were categorised as 'impaired' or 'not-impaired', using either 68% or 90% confidence intervals, the difference between paradigms failed to reach significance. Comparison of ROC curves for both paradigms found superior overall classification for one test and the composite score using baseline comparison data. Conclusions: Despite being a time and resource intensive process, the baseline paradigm as a repeated-measures design may be more sensitive than the between-subjects design of the normative paradigm for detecting changes following concussion. Further work is required to determine the validity of normative assessment in sports-related concussion. Copyright © Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment 2015.},
keywords = {adult, Article, athlete, Australian, Concussion, controlled study, data processing, diagnostic test accuracy study, disease association, disease classification, human, major clinical study, Male, medical assessment, mild traumatic brain injury, neurocognitive, neuropsychological test, Patient Assessment, psychopathy, receiver operating characteristic, reference value, reliability, reliable change, rugby, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, sport injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}