McCarthy, M
Undercounting of football concussions skewed NFL research, US investigation alleges Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 352, pp. i1788, 2016.
BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Football/in [Injuries], Biomedical Research/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Football/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Humans, Research Design/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{McCarthy2016b,
title = {Undercounting of football concussions skewed NFL research, US investigation alleges},
author = {McCarthy, M},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {352},
pages = {i1788},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Football/in [Injuries], Biomedical Research/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Football/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Humans, Research Design/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Covassin, T; Moran, R; Elbin, R J
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009 Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 189–194, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities
@article{Covassin2016,
title = {Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009},
author = {Covassin, T and Moran, R and Elbin, R J},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {189--194},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING: National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category. RESULTS: During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players. CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gardner, E C
Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Collegiate Women's Field Hockey Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 2027–2034, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], *Eye Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Facial Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Hockey/in [Injuries], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], Eye Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Eye Protective Devices, Facial Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Female, Head Protective Devices, Humans, Incidence, Students, United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities
@article{Gardner2015a,
title = {Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Collegiate Women's Field Hockey},
author = {Gardner, E C},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {43},
number = {8},
pages = {2027--2034},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While there is concern regarding head, face, and eye injuries in field hockey, prompting some to recommend the use of protective equipment such as goggles and helmets, little has been written about their incidence and mechanism of injury in the modern game of field hockey. The elucidation of this information will better inform the development of maximally effective injury prevention schemes to protect the athlete while maintaining the integrity of the game. PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and epidemiology of head, face, and eye injuries in United States collegiate women's field hockey players from 2004-2005 to 2008-2009. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS: All head, face, and eye injuries reported to the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System for collegiate women's field hockey athletes from the 2004-2005 through 2008-2009 seasons were analyzed. Data regarding the event type, injury mechanism, body part injured, type of injury, outcome, and time lost were reviewed. The weighted injury incidence per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) was calculated using the exposure data set for the same years; 95% CIs were calculated based on a normal approximation to the Poisson distribution. RESULTS: There were 150 reported traumatic injuries during this time period, with a weighted occurrence of 1587.3 injuries. The overall incidence of head, face, and eye injuries in collegiate women's field hockey was 0.94 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.86-1.19). Injuries to the head or face, other than the mouth, nose, and eye, accounted for 75.3% of these injuries. The incidence of eye injuries was 0.07 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.03-0.12); nose injuries occurred at a rate of 0.10 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.05-0.15). The rate of traumatic dental injuries was 0.06 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.04-0.14). Contact with an apparatus caused 72.9% of all injuries; specifically, contact with an elevated ball accounted for 47.9% of all injuries, and contact with an elevated stick caused 21.7% of all injuries. While the majority of players suffering a head, face, or eye injury were able to return to sport that season (90.0%), the remaining athletes suffered season-ending injuries (10%). Concussions accounted for 42.8% of all head, face, and eye injuries reported (0.40 per 1000 AEs; 95% CI, 0.32-0.53). CONCLUSION: Head, face, and eye injuries occur regularly in women's field hockey. This description of the injury profile and mechanisms of injury may be used to design appropriate injury prevention schemes for the sport.Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {*Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], *Eye Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Facial Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Hockey/in [Injuries], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], Eye Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Eye Protective Devices, Facial Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Female, Head Protective Devices, Humans, Incidence, Students, United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dretsch, M N; Silverberg, N D; Iverson, G L
Multiple Past Concussions Are Associated with Ongoing Post-Concussive Symptoms but Not Cognitive Impairment in Active-Duty Army Soldiers Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 17, pp. 1301–1306, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/co [Complications], *Cognition Disorders/di [Diagnosis], *Military Personnel/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, *Post-Concussion Syndrome/di [Diagnosis], adult, Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/et [Etiology], Female, Humans, Male, Post-Concussion Syndrome/ep [Epidemiology], Post-Concussion Syndrome/et [Etiology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult
@article{Dretsch2015,
title = {Multiple Past Concussions Are Associated with Ongoing Post-Concussive Symptoms but Not Cognitive Impairment in Active-Duty Army Soldiers},
author = {Dretsch, M N and Silverberg, N D and Iverson, G L},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {32},
number = {17},
pages = {1301--1306},
abstract = {The extent to which multiple past concussions are associated with lingering symptoms or mental health problems in military service members is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between lifetime concussion history, cognitive functioning, general health, and psychological health in a large sample of fit-for-duty U.S. Army soldiers preparing for deployment. Data on 458 active-duty soldiers were collected and analyzed. A computerized cognitive screening battery (CNS-Vital Signs()) was used to assess complex attention (CA), reaction time (RT), processing speed (PS), cognitive flexibility (CF), and memory. Health questionnaires included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M), Zung Depression and Anxiety Scales (ZDS; ZAS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Alcohol Use and Dependency Identification Test (AUDIT). Soldiers with a history of multiple concussions (i.e., three or more concussions) had significantly greater post-concussive symptom scores compared with those with zero (d=1.83, large effect), one (d=0.64, medium effect), and two (d=0.64, medium effect) prior concussions. Although the group with three or more concussions also reported more traumatic stress symptoms, the results revealed that traumatic stress was a mediator between concussions and post-concussive symptom severity. There were no significant differences on neurocognitive testing between the number of concussions. These results add to the accumulating evidence suggesting that most individuals recover from one or two prior concussions, but there is a greater risk for ongoing symptoms if one exceeds this number of injuries.},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/co [Complications], *Cognition Disorders/di [Diagnosis], *Military Personnel/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, *Post-Concussion Syndrome/di [Diagnosis], adult, Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/et [Etiology], Female, Humans, Male, Post-Concussion Syndrome/ep [Epidemiology], Post-Concussion Syndrome/et [Etiology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mendez, M F; Paholpak, P; Lin, A; Zhang, J Y; Teng, E
Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Journal Article
In: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 985–993, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Alzheimer Disease/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Age of Onset, Alzheimer Disease/co [Complications], Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], Brain Injuries/co [Complications], Brain Injuries/px [Psychology], Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Prevalence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Mendez2015,
title = {Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease},
author = {Mendez, M F and Paholpak, P and Lin, A and Zhang, J Y and Teng, E},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's Disease},
volume = {47},
number = {4},
pages = {985--993},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most established environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is unclear if TBI is specifically associated with early-onset AD (EOAD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between TBI and EOAD (\<65 years). METHODS: We identified 1,449 EOAD, 4,337 late-onset AD (LOAD), and corresponding EOAD-matched and LOAD-matched normal controls (NC) in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform (NACC) database and compared the prevalence of any history of TBI as well as measures of cognition, function, behavior, and neuropathology. For validation, we determined TBI prevalence among 115 well-characterized clinic patients with EOAD. RESULTS: Part A: The prevalence of any TBI in the NACC-database EOAD participants (13.3%) was comparable to that observed in the clinic EOAD patients (13.9%) but significantly higher than in the NACC-database LOAD participants (7.7% ; p \< 0.0001) and trended to higher compared to EOAD-matched NC (11.1% ; logistic regression p = 0.053). Part B: When we compared EOAD patients with documented non-acute and non-residually impairing TBI to EOAD without a documented history of prior TBI, those with TBI had significantly more disinhibition. Part C: Autopsies did not reveal differences in AD neuropathology based on a history of TBI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest, but do not establish, that TBI is a specific risk factor for EOAD and may lead to disinhibition, a feature that often results from the frontal effects of head injury. This study recommends further research on the effects of TBI in EOAD in larger numbers of participants.},
keywords = {*Alzheimer Disease/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Age of Onset, Alzheimer Disease/co [Complications], Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], Brain Injuries/co [Complications], Brain Injuries/px [Psychology], Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Prevalence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rao, A L; Asif, I M; Drezner, J A; Toresdahl, B G; Harmon, K G
Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database Journal Article
In: Sports & Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 452–457, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Sports/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult
@article{Rao2015,
title = {Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database},
author = {Rao, A L and Asif, I M and Drezner, J A and Toresdahl, B G and Harmon, K G},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports \& Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {452--457},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has recently highlighted mental health concerns in student athletes, though the incidence of suicide among NCAA athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of suicide among NCAA athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of suicide in NCAA athletes differs by sex, race, sport, and division. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: NCAA Memorial Resolutions list and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student-athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012. Deaths were analyzed by age, sex, race, division, and sport. RESULTS: Over the 9-year study period, 35 cases of suicide were identified from a review of 477 student-athlete deaths during 3,773,309 individual participant seasons. The overall suicide rate was 0.93/100,000 per year. Suicide represented 7.3% (35/477) of all-cause mortality among NCAA student athletes. The annual incidence of suicide in male athletes was 1.35/100,000 and in female athletes was 0.37/100,000 (relative risk [RR], 3.7; P \< 0.01). The incidence in African American athletes was 1.22/100,000 and in white athletes was 0.87/100,000 (RR, 1.4; P = 0.45). The highest rate of suicide occurred in men's football (2.25/100,000), and football athletes had a relative risk of 2.2 (P = 0.03) of committing suicide compared with other male, nonfootball athletes. CONCLUSION: The suicide rate in NCAA athletes appears to be lower than that of the general and collegiate population of similar age. NCAA male athletes have a significantly higher rate of suicide compared with female athletes, and football athletes appear to be at greatest risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suicide represents a preventable cause of death, and development of effective prevention programs is recommended. Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {*Sports/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Comstock, R D; Currie, D W; Pierpoint, L A; Grubenhoff, J A; Fields, S K
An Evidence-Based Discussion of Heading the Ball and Concussions in High School Soccer Journal Article
In: JAMA Pediatr, vol. 169, no. 9, pp. 830–837, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/rh [Rehabilitation], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Brain Concussion/rh [Rehabilitation], Child, Evidence-Based Medicine/mt [Methods], Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Time Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Comstock2015,
title = {An Evidence-Based Discussion of Heading the Ball and Concussions in High School Soccer},
author = {Comstock, R D and Currie, D W and Pierpoint, L A and Grubenhoff, J A and Fields, S K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {JAMA Pediatr},
volume = {169},
number = {9},
pages = {830--837},
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Soccer, originally introduced as a safer sport for children and adolescents, has seen a rapid increase in popularity in the United States over the past 3 decades. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of soccer ball heading (when an athlete attempts to play the ball in the air with his or her head) given the rise in concussion rates, with some calling for a ban on heading among soccer players younger than 14 years. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate trends over time in boys' and girls' soccer concussions, to identify injury mechanisms commonly leading to concussions, to delineate soccer-specific activities during which most concussions occur, to detail heading-related soccer concussion mechanisms, and to compare concussion symptom patterns by injury mechanism. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of longitudinal surveillance data collected from 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 in a large, nationally representative sample of US high schools. Participants were boys and girls who were high school soccer players. EXPOSURES: Concussions sustained during high school-sanctioned soccer games and practices. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mechanism and sport-specific activity of concussion. RESULTS: Overall, 627 concussions were sustained during 1,393,753 athlete exposures (AEs) among girls (4.50 concussions per 10,000 AEs), and 442 concussions were sustained during 1,592,238 AEs among boys (2.78 concussions per 10,000 AEs). For boys (68.8%) and girls (51.3%), contact with another player was the most common concussion mechanism. Heading was the most common soccer-specific activity, responsible for 30.6% of boys' concussions and 25.3% of girls' concussions. Contact with another player was the most common mechanism of injury in heading-related concussions among boys (78.1%) and girls (61.9%). There were few differences in concussion symptom patterns by injury mechanism. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although heading is the most common activity associated with concussions, the most frequent mechanism was athlete-athlete contact. Such information is needed to drive evidence-based, targeted prevention efforts to effectively reduce soccer-related concussions. Although banning heading from youth soccer would likely prevent some concussions, reducing athlete-athlete contact across all phases of play would likely be a more effective way to prevent concussions as well as other injuries.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/rh [Rehabilitation], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Brain Concussion/rh [Rehabilitation], Child, Evidence-Based Medicine/mt [Methods], Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Time Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Strand, S; Lechuga, D; Zachariah, T; Beaulieu, K
Relative risk for concussions in young female soccer players Journal Article
In: Applied Neuropsychology. Child, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 58–64, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Child, Female, Humans, Incidence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Strand2015,
title = {Relative risk for concussions in young female soccer players},
author = {Strand, S and Lechuga, D and Zachariah, T and Beaulieu, K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Applied Neuropsychology. Child},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {58--64},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the relative risk and reported symptoms of concussions in 11- to 13-year-old, female soccer players. For this, a survey to compare the reported incidence of concussion in age-matched female soccer players to nonsoccer players was performed. The survey included 342 girls between the ages of 11 and 13: 195 were involved in an organized soccer team and 147 were not involved in organized soccer but were allowed to participate in any other sport or activity. A total of 94 of the 195 soccer players, or 48%, reported at least one symptom consistent with a concussion. The most prevalent symptom for these girls was headache (84%). A total of 34 of the 147 nonsoccer players, or 23%, reported at least one symptom consistent with a concussion in the previous six months. These results determined that the relative risk of probable concussions among 11- to 13-year-old, female soccer players is 2.09 (p \< .001},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Child, Female, Humans, Incidence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Logan, B W; Goldman, S; Zola, M; Mackey, A
Concussive brain injury in the military: September 2001 to the present Journal Article
In: Behav Sci Law, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 803–813, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/th [Therapy], *Military Personnel/px [Psychology], 2003-2011, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Brain Concussion/co [Complications], Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Iraq War, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Logan2013,
title = {Concussive brain injury in the military: September 2001 to the present},
author = {Logan, B W and Goldman, S and Zola, M and Mackey, A},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Behav Sci Law},
volume = {31},
number = {6},
pages = {803--813},
abstract = {Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, 1,348,405 citizens have been deployed to combat in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn in Iraq, and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (OEF). During this same period 266,810 (20%) of these individuals have been diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The majority of these were Army soldiers, with 155,282 (58%) receiving the diagnosis. Mild TBI comprised 82% of the total, with the remainder being moderate to severe. Over this same period the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested $374.9 million to enhance access and quality of care services, including 57 TBI treatment centers in the combat theater and throughout the U.S. The Army's medical research division, the Medical Research and Material Command (MRMC), has invested an additional $700 million to TBI research during this time. The effort has faced a number of challenges, including limited human subject basic and translational research, limited epidemiological data on combat-related injuries, limited capacity and standards for data acquisition, and a lack of standardized evidenced-based protocols for treatment. All these areas have undergone significant growth and development, leading to the comprehensive system of care present today. A further challenge in this patient population has been the clinical co-morbidity of TBI, post-traumatic stress disorder, and chronic pain syndrome. The Army and the DoD have created treatment programs that are interdisciplinary in clinical approach, targeting particular neuropsychological domains of dysfunction rather than diagnostic category or etiology of injury. This article presents the history of this effort, the challenges to accurate and adequate diagnosis and care that remain, and the future of brain injury clinical and research efforts in the military. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/th [Therapy], *Military Personnel/px [Psychology], 2003-2011, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Brain Concussion/co [Complications], Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Iraq War, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
for Disease Control, Centers; Prevention,
Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities--United States, 2001-2005 Journal Article
In: MMWR - Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 56, no. 29, pp. 733–737, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Adolescent, adult, Child, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Female, Humans, Incidence/Epidemiology, Infant, Male, middle aged, Population Surveillance, Preschool, recreation, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention2007,
title = {Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities--United States, 2001-2005},
author = {{Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {MMWR - Morbidity \& Mortality Weekly Report},
volume = {56},
number = {29},
pages = {733--737},
abstract = {Each year in the United States, an estimated 38 million children and adolescents participate in organized sports, and approximately 170 million adults participate in some type of physical activity not related to work. The health benefits of these activities are tempered by the risk for injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). CDC estimates that 1.1 million persons with TBIs are treated and released from U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs) each year, and an additional 235,000 are hospitalized for these injuries. TBIs can result in long-term, negative health effects (e.g., memory loss and behavioral changes). To characterize sports- and recreation-related (SR-related) TBIs among patients treated in U.S. hospital EDs, CDC analyzed data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System--All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) for the period 2001-2005. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that an estimated 207,830 patients with nonfatal SR-related TBIs were treated in EDs each year during this period. The highest rates of SR-related TBI ED visits for both males and females occurred among those aged 10-14 years. Increased awareness of TBI risks, prevention strategies, and the importance of timely identification and management is essential for reducing the incidence, severity, and long-term negative health effects of this type of injury.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Adolescent, adult, Child, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Female, Humans, Incidence/Epidemiology, Infant, Male, middle aged, Population Surveillance, Preschool, recreation, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCarthy, M
Undercounting of football concussions skewed NFL research, US investigation alleges Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 352, pp. i1788, 2016.
@article{McCarthy2016b,
title = {Undercounting of football concussions skewed NFL research, US investigation alleges},
author = {McCarthy, M},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {352},
pages = {i1788},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Covassin, T; Moran, R; Elbin, R J
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009 Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 189–194, 2016.
@article{Covassin2016,
title = {Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009},
author = {Covassin, T and Moran, R and Elbin, R J},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {189--194},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING: National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category. RESULTS: During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players. CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gardner, E C
Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Collegiate Women's Field Hockey Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 2027–2034, 2015.
@article{Gardner2015a,
title = {Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Collegiate Women's Field Hockey},
author = {Gardner, E C},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {43},
number = {8},
pages = {2027--2034},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While there is concern regarding head, face, and eye injuries in field hockey, prompting some to recommend the use of protective equipment such as goggles and helmets, little has been written about their incidence and mechanism of injury in the modern game of field hockey. The elucidation of this information will better inform the development of maximally effective injury prevention schemes to protect the athlete while maintaining the integrity of the game. PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and epidemiology of head, face, and eye injuries in United States collegiate women's field hockey players from 2004-2005 to 2008-2009. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS: All head, face, and eye injuries reported to the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System for collegiate women's field hockey athletes from the 2004-2005 through 2008-2009 seasons were analyzed. Data regarding the event type, injury mechanism, body part injured, type of injury, outcome, and time lost were reviewed. The weighted injury incidence per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) was calculated using the exposure data set for the same years; 95% CIs were calculated based on a normal approximation to the Poisson distribution. RESULTS: There were 150 reported traumatic injuries during this time period, with a weighted occurrence of 1587.3 injuries. The overall incidence of head, face, and eye injuries in collegiate women's field hockey was 0.94 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.86-1.19). Injuries to the head or face, other than the mouth, nose, and eye, accounted for 75.3% of these injuries. The incidence of eye injuries was 0.07 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.03-0.12); nose injuries occurred at a rate of 0.10 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.05-0.15). The rate of traumatic dental injuries was 0.06 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.04-0.14). Contact with an apparatus caused 72.9% of all injuries; specifically, contact with an elevated ball accounted for 47.9% of all injuries, and contact with an elevated stick caused 21.7% of all injuries. While the majority of players suffering a head, face, or eye injury were able to return to sport that season (90.0%), the remaining athletes suffered season-ending injuries (10%). Concussions accounted for 42.8% of all head, face, and eye injuries reported (0.40 per 1000 AEs; 95% CI, 0.32-0.53). CONCLUSION: Head, face, and eye injuries occur regularly in women's field hockey. This description of the injury profile and mechanisms of injury may be used to design appropriate injury prevention schemes for the sport.Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dretsch, M N; Silverberg, N D; Iverson, G L
Multiple Past Concussions Are Associated with Ongoing Post-Concussive Symptoms but Not Cognitive Impairment in Active-Duty Army Soldiers Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 17, pp. 1301–1306, 2015.
@article{Dretsch2015,
title = {Multiple Past Concussions Are Associated with Ongoing Post-Concussive Symptoms but Not Cognitive Impairment in Active-Duty Army Soldiers},
author = {Dretsch, M N and Silverberg, N D and Iverson, G L},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {32},
number = {17},
pages = {1301--1306},
abstract = {The extent to which multiple past concussions are associated with lingering symptoms or mental health problems in military service members is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between lifetime concussion history, cognitive functioning, general health, and psychological health in a large sample of fit-for-duty U.S. Army soldiers preparing for deployment. Data on 458 active-duty soldiers were collected and analyzed. A computerized cognitive screening battery (CNS-Vital Signs()) was used to assess complex attention (CA), reaction time (RT), processing speed (PS), cognitive flexibility (CF), and memory. Health questionnaires included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M), Zung Depression and Anxiety Scales (ZDS; ZAS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Alcohol Use and Dependency Identification Test (AUDIT). Soldiers with a history of multiple concussions (i.e., three or more concussions) had significantly greater post-concussive symptom scores compared with those with zero (d=1.83, large effect), one (d=0.64, medium effect), and two (d=0.64, medium effect) prior concussions. Although the group with three or more concussions also reported more traumatic stress symptoms, the results revealed that traumatic stress was a mediator between concussions and post-concussive symptom severity. There were no significant differences on neurocognitive testing between the number of concussions. These results add to the accumulating evidence suggesting that most individuals recover from one or two prior concussions, but there is a greater risk for ongoing symptoms if one exceeds this number of injuries.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mendez, M F; Paholpak, P; Lin, A; Zhang, J Y; Teng, E
Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Journal Article
In: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 985–993, 2015.
@article{Mendez2015,
title = {Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease},
author = {Mendez, M F and Paholpak, P and Lin, A and Zhang, J Y and Teng, E},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's Disease},
volume = {47},
number = {4},
pages = {985--993},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most established environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is unclear if TBI is specifically associated with early-onset AD (EOAD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between TBI and EOAD (\<65 years). METHODS: We identified 1,449 EOAD, 4,337 late-onset AD (LOAD), and corresponding EOAD-matched and LOAD-matched normal controls (NC) in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform (NACC) database and compared the prevalence of any history of TBI as well as measures of cognition, function, behavior, and neuropathology. For validation, we determined TBI prevalence among 115 well-characterized clinic patients with EOAD. RESULTS: Part A: The prevalence of any TBI in the NACC-database EOAD participants (13.3%) was comparable to that observed in the clinic EOAD patients (13.9%) but significantly higher than in the NACC-database LOAD participants (7.7% ; p \< 0.0001) and trended to higher compared to EOAD-matched NC (11.1% ; logistic regression p = 0.053). Part B: When we compared EOAD patients with documented non-acute and non-residually impairing TBI to EOAD without a documented history of prior TBI, those with TBI had significantly more disinhibition. Part C: Autopsies did not reveal differences in AD neuropathology based on a history of TBI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest, but do not establish, that TBI is a specific risk factor for EOAD and may lead to disinhibition, a feature that often results from the frontal effects of head injury. This study recommends further research on the effects of TBI in EOAD in larger numbers of participants.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rao, A L; Asif, I M; Drezner, J A; Toresdahl, B G; Harmon, K G
Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database Journal Article
In: Sports & Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 452–457, 2015.
@article{Rao2015,
title = {Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database},
author = {Rao, A L and Asif, I M and Drezner, J A and Toresdahl, B G and Harmon, K G},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports \& Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {452--457},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has recently highlighted mental health concerns in student athletes, though the incidence of suicide among NCAA athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of suicide among NCAA athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of suicide in NCAA athletes differs by sex, race, sport, and division. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: NCAA Memorial Resolutions list and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student-athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012. Deaths were analyzed by age, sex, race, division, and sport. RESULTS: Over the 9-year study period, 35 cases of suicide were identified from a review of 477 student-athlete deaths during 3,773,309 individual participant seasons. The overall suicide rate was 0.93/100,000 per year. Suicide represented 7.3% (35/477) of all-cause mortality among NCAA student athletes. The annual incidence of suicide in male athletes was 1.35/100,000 and in female athletes was 0.37/100,000 (relative risk [RR], 3.7; P \< 0.01). The incidence in African American athletes was 1.22/100,000 and in white athletes was 0.87/100,000 (RR, 1.4; P = 0.45). The highest rate of suicide occurred in men's football (2.25/100,000), and football athletes had a relative risk of 2.2 (P = 0.03) of committing suicide compared with other male, nonfootball athletes. CONCLUSION: The suicide rate in NCAA athletes appears to be lower than that of the general and collegiate population of similar age. NCAA male athletes have a significantly higher rate of suicide compared with female athletes, and football athletes appear to be at greatest risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suicide represents a preventable cause of death, and development of effective prevention programs is recommended. Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Comstock, R D; Currie, D W; Pierpoint, L A; Grubenhoff, J A; Fields, S K
An Evidence-Based Discussion of Heading the Ball and Concussions in High School Soccer Journal Article
In: JAMA Pediatr, vol. 169, no. 9, pp. 830–837, 2015.
@article{Comstock2015,
title = {An Evidence-Based Discussion of Heading the Ball and Concussions in High School Soccer},
author = {Comstock, R D and Currie, D W and Pierpoint, L A and Grubenhoff, J A and Fields, S K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {JAMA Pediatr},
volume = {169},
number = {9},
pages = {830--837},
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Soccer, originally introduced as a safer sport for children and adolescents, has seen a rapid increase in popularity in the United States over the past 3 decades. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of soccer ball heading (when an athlete attempts to play the ball in the air with his or her head) given the rise in concussion rates, with some calling for a ban on heading among soccer players younger than 14 years. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate trends over time in boys' and girls' soccer concussions, to identify injury mechanisms commonly leading to concussions, to delineate soccer-specific activities during which most concussions occur, to detail heading-related soccer concussion mechanisms, and to compare concussion symptom patterns by injury mechanism. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of longitudinal surveillance data collected from 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 in a large, nationally representative sample of US high schools. Participants were boys and girls who were high school soccer players. EXPOSURES: Concussions sustained during high school-sanctioned soccer games and practices. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mechanism and sport-specific activity of concussion. RESULTS: Overall, 627 concussions were sustained during 1,393,753 athlete exposures (AEs) among girls (4.50 concussions per 10,000 AEs), and 442 concussions were sustained during 1,592,238 AEs among boys (2.78 concussions per 10,000 AEs). For boys (68.8%) and girls (51.3%), contact with another player was the most common concussion mechanism. Heading was the most common soccer-specific activity, responsible for 30.6% of boys' concussions and 25.3% of girls' concussions. Contact with another player was the most common mechanism of injury in heading-related concussions among boys (78.1%) and girls (61.9%). There were few differences in concussion symptom patterns by injury mechanism. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although heading is the most common activity associated with concussions, the most frequent mechanism was athlete-athlete contact. Such information is needed to drive evidence-based, targeted prevention efforts to effectively reduce soccer-related concussions. Although banning heading from youth soccer would likely prevent some concussions, reducing athlete-athlete contact across all phases of play would likely be a more effective way to prevent concussions as well as other injuries.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Strand, S; Lechuga, D; Zachariah, T; Beaulieu, K
Relative risk for concussions in young female soccer players Journal Article
In: Applied Neuropsychology. Child, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 58–64, 2015.
@article{Strand2015,
title = {Relative risk for concussions in young female soccer players},
author = {Strand, S and Lechuga, D and Zachariah, T and Beaulieu, K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Applied Neuropsychology. Child},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {58--64},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the relative risk and reported symptoms of concussions in 11- to 13-year-old, female soccer players. For this, a survey to compare the reported incidence of concussion in age-matched female soccer players to nonsoccer players was performed. The survey included 342 girls between the ages of 11 and 13: 195 were involved in an organized soccer team and 147 were not involved in organized soccer but were allowed to participate in any other sport or activity. A total of 94 of the 195 soccer players, or 48%, reported at least one symptom consistent with a concussion. The most prevalent symptom for these girls was headache (84%). A total of 34 of the 147 nonsoccer players, or 23%, reported at least one symptom consistent with a concussion in the previous six months. These results determined that the relative risk of probable concussions among 11- to 13-year-old, female soccer players is 2.09 (p \< .001},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Logan, B W; Goldman, S; Zola, M; Mackey, A
Concussive brain injury in the military: September 2001 to the present Journal Article
In: Behav Sci Law, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 803–813, 2013.
@article{Logan2013,
title = {Concussive brain injury in the military: September 2001 to the present},
author = {Logan, B W and Goldman, S and Zola, M and Mackey, A},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Behav Sci Law},
volume = {31},
number = {6},
pages = {803--813},
abstract = {Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, 1,348,405 citizens have been deployed to combat in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn in Iraq, and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (OEF). During this same period 266,810 (20%) of these individuals have been diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The majority of these were Army soldiers, with 155,282 (58%) receiving the diagnosis. Mild TBI comprised 82% of the total, with the remainder being moderate to severe. Over this same period the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested $374.9 million to enhance access and quality of care services, including 57 TBI treatment centers in the combat theater and throughout the U.S. The Army's medical research division, the Medical Research and Material Command (MRMC), has invested an additional $700 million to TBI research during this time. The effort has faced a number of challenges, including limited human subject basic and translational research, limited epidemiological data on combat-related injuries, limited capacity and standards for data acquisition, and a lack of standardized evidenced-based protocols for treatment. All these areas have undergone significant growth and development, leading to the comprehensive system of care present today. A further challenge in this patient population has been the clinical co-morbidity of TBI, post-traumatic stress disorder, and chronic pain syndrome. The Army and the DoD have created treatment programs that are interdisciplinary in clinical approach, targeting particular neuropsychological domains of dysfunction rather than diagnostic category or etiology of injury. This article presents the history of this effort, the challenges to accurate and adequate diagnosis and care that remain, and the future of brain injury clinical and research efforts in the military. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
for Disease Control, Centers; Prevention,
Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities--United States, 2001-2005 Journal Article
In: MMWR - Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 56, no. 29, pp. 733–737, 2007.
@article{CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention2007,
title = {Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities--United States, 2001-2005},
author = {{Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {MMWR - Morbidity \& Mortality Weekly Report},
volume = {56},
number = {29},
pages = {733--737},
abstract = {Each year in the United States, an estimated 38 million children and adolescents participate in organized sports, and approximately 170 million adults participate in some type of physical activity not related to work. The health benefits of these activities are tempered by the risk for injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). CDC estimates that 1.1 million persons with TBIs are treated and released from U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs) each year, and an additional 235,000 are hospitalized for these injuries. TBIs can result in long-term, negative health effects (e.g., memory loss and behavioral changes). To characterize sports- and recreation-related (SR-related) TBIs among patients treated in U.S. hospital EDs, CDC analyzed data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System--All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) for the period 2001-2005. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that an estimated 207,830 patients with nonfatal SR-related TBIs were treated in EDs each year during this period. The highest rates of SR-related TBI ED visits for both males and females occurred among those aged 10-14 years. Increased awareness of TBI risks, prevention strategies, and the importance of timely identification and management is essential for reducing the incidence, severity, and long-term negative health effects of this type of injury.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCarthy, M
Undercounting of football concussions skewed NFL research, US investigation alleges Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 352, pp. i1788, 2016.
BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Football/in [Injuries], Biomedical Research/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Football/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Humans, Research Design/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{McCarthy2016b,
title = {Undercounting of football concussions skewed NFL research, US investigation alleges},
author = {McCarthy, M},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {352},
pages = {i1788},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Football/in [Injuries], Biomedical Research/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Football/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Humans, Research Design/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Covassin, T; Moran, R; Elbin, R J
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009 Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 189–194, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities
@article{Covassin2016,
title = {Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009},
author = {Covassin, T and Moran, R and Elbin, R J},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {189--194},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING: National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category. RESULTS: During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players. CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gardner, E C
Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Collegiate Women's Field Hockey Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 2027–2034, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], *Eye Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Facial Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Hockey/in [Injuries], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], Eye Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Eye Protective Devices, Facial Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Female, Head Protective Devices, Humans, Incidence, Students, United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities
@article{Gardner2015a,
title = {Head, Face, and Eye Injuries in Collegiate Women's Field Hockey},
author = {Gardner, E C},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {43},
number = {8},
pages = {2027--2034},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While there is concern regarding head, face, and eye injuries in field hockey, prompting some to recommend the use of protective equipment such as goggles and helmets, little has been written about their incidence and mechanism of injury in the modern game of field hockey. The elucidation of this information will better inform the development of maximally effective injury prevention schemes to protect the athlete while maintaining the integrity of the game. PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and epidemiology of head, face, and eye injuries in United States collegiate women's field hockey players from 2004-2005 to 2008-2009. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS: All head, face, and eye injuries reported to the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System for collegiate women's field hockey athletes from the 2004-2005 through 2008-2009 seasons were analyzed. Data regarding the event type, injury mechanism, body part injured, type of injury, outcome, and time lost were reviewed. The weighted injury incidence per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) was calculated using the exposure data set for the same years; 95% CIs were calculated based on a normal approximation to the Poisson distribution. RESULTS: There were 150 reported traumatic injuries during this time period, with a weighted occurrence of 1587.3 injuries. The overall incidence of head, face, and eye injuries in collegiate women's field hockey was 0.94 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.86-1.19). Injuries to the head or face, other than the mouth, nose, and eye, accounted for 75.3% of these injuries. The incidence of eye injuries was 0.07 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.03-0.12); nose injuries occurred at a rate of 0.10 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.05-0.15). The rate of traumatic dental injuries was 0.06 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 0.04-0.14). Contact with an apparatus caused 72.9% of all injuries; specifically, contact with an elevated ball accounted for 47.9% of all injuries, and contact with an elevated stick caused 21.7% of all injuries. While the majority of players suffering a head, face, or eye injury were able to return to sport that season (90.0%), the remaining athletes suffered season-ending injuries (10%). Concussions accounted for 42.8% of all head, face, and eye injuries reported (0.40 per 1000 AEs; 95% CI, 0.32-0.53). CONCLUSION: Head, face, and eye injuries occur regularly in women's field hockey. This description of the injury profile and mechanisms of injury may be used to design appropriate injury prevention schemes for the sport.Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {*Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], *Eye Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Facial Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Hockey/in [Injuries], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], Eye Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Eye Protective Devices, Facial Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Female, Head Protective Devices, Humans, Incidence, Students, United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dretsch, M N; Silverberg, N D; Iverson, G L
Multiple Past Concussions Are Associated with Ongoing Post-Concussive Symptoms but Not Cognitive Impairment in Active-Duty Army Soldiers Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 17, pp. 1301–1306, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/co [Complications], *Cognition Disorders/di [Diagnosis], *Military Personnel/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, *Post-Concussion Syndrome/di [Diagnosis], adult, Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/et [Etiology], Female, Humans, Male, Post-Concussion Syndrome/ep [Epidemiology], Post-Concussion Syndrome/et [Etiology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult
@article{Dretsch2015,
title = {Multiple Past Concussions Are Associated with Ongoing Post-Concussive Symptoms but Not Cognitive Impairment in Active-Duty Army Soldiers},
author = {Dretsch, M N and Silverberg, N D and Iverson, G L},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {32},
number = {17},
pages = {1301--1306},
abstract = {The extent to which multiple past concussions are associated with lingering symptoms or mental health problems in military service members is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between lifetime concussion history, cognitive functioning, general health, and psychological health in a large sample of fit-for-duty U.S. Army soldiers preparing for deployment. Data on 458 active-duty soldiers were collected and analyzed. A computerized cognitive screening battery (CNS-Vital Signs()) was used to assess complex attention (CA), reaction time (RT), processing speed (PS), cognitive flexibility (CF), and memory. Health questionnaires included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M), Zung Depression and Anxiety Scales (ZDS; ZAS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Alcohol Use and Dependency Identification Test (AUDIT). Soldiers with a history of multiple concussions (i.e., three or more concussions) had significantly greater post-concussive symptom scores compared with those with zero (d=1.83, large effect), one (d=0.64, medium effect), and two (d=0.64, medium effect) prior concussions. Although the group with three or more concussions also reported more traumatic stress symptoms, the results revealed that traumatic stress was a mediator between concussions and post-concussive symptom severity. There were no significant differences on neurocognitive testing between the number of concussions. These results add to the accumulating evidence suggesting that most individuals recover from one or two prior concussions, but there is a greater risk for ongoing symptoms if one exceeds this number of injuries.},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/co [Complications], *Cognition Disorders/di [Diagnosis], *Military Personnel/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, *Post-Concussion Syndrome/di [Diagnosis], adult, Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/ep [Epidemiology], Cognition Disorders/et [Etiology], Female, Humans, Male, Post-Concussion Syndrome/ep [Epidemiology], Post-Concussion Syndrome/et [Etiology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mendez, M F; Paholpak, P; Lin, A; Zhang, J Y; Teng, E
Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Journal Article
In: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 985–993, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Alzheimer Disease/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Age of Onset, Alzheimer Disease/co [Complications], Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], Brain Injuries/co [Complications], Brain Injuries/px [Psychology], Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Prevalence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Mendez2015,
title = {Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease},
author = {Mendez, M F and Paholpak, P and Lin, A and Zhang, J Y and Teng, E},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's Disease},
volume = {47},
number = {4},
pages = {985--993},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most established environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is unclear if TBI is specifically associated with early-onset AD (EOAD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between TBI and EOAD (\<65 years). METHODS: We identified 1,449 EOAD, 4,337 late-onset AD (LOAD), and corresponding EOAD-matched and LOAD-matched normal controls (NC) in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform (NACC) database and compared the prevalence of any history of TBI as well as measures of cognition, function, behavior, and neuropathology. For validation, we determined TBI prevalence among 115 well-characterized clinic patients with EOAD. RESULTS: Part A: The prevalence of any TBI in the NACC-database EOAD participants (13.3%) was comparable to that observed in the clinic EOAD patients (13.9%) but significantly higher than in the NACC-database LOAD participants (7.7% ; p \< 0.0001) and trended to higher compared to EOAD-matched NC (11.1% ; logistic regression p = 0.053). Part B: When we compared EOAD patients with documented non-acute and non-residually impairing TBI to EOAD without a documented history of prior TBI, those with TBI had significantly more disinhibition. Part C: Autopsies did not reveal differences in AD neuropathology based on a history of TBI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest, but do not establish, that TBI is a specific risk factor for EOAD and may lead to disinhibition, a feature that often results from the frontal effects of head injury. This study recommends further research on the effects of TBI in EOAD in larger numbers of participants.},
keywords = {*Alzheimer Disease/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Age of Onset, Alzheimer Disease/co [Complications], Alzheimer Disease/px [Psychology], Brain Injuries/co [Complications], Brain Injuries/px [Psychology], Female, Humans, Male, middle aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Prevalence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rao, A L; Asif, I M; Drezner, J A; Toresdahl, B G; Harmon, K G
Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database Journal Article
In: Sports & Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 452–457, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Sports/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult
@article{Rao2015,
title = {Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database},
author = {Rao, A L and Asif, I M and Drezner, J A and Toresdahl, B G and Harmon, K G},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports \& Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {452--457},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has recently highlighted mental health concerns in student athletes, though the incidence of suicide among NCAA athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of suicide among NCAA athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of suicide in NCAA athletes differs by sex, race, sport, and division. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: NCAA Memorial Resolutions list and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student-athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012. Deaths were analyzed by age, sex, race, division, and sport. RESULTS: Over the 9-year study period, 35 cases of suicide were identified from a review of 477 student-athlete deaths during 3,773,309 individual participant seasons. The overall suicide rate was 0.93/100,000 per year. Suicide represented 7.3% (35/477) of all-cause mortality among NCAA student athletes. The annual incidence of suicide in male athletes was 1.35/100,000 and in female athletes was 0.37/100,000 (relative risk [RR], 3.7; P \< 0.01). The incidence in African American athletes was 1.22/100,000 and in white athletes was 0.87/100,000 (RR, 1.4; P = 0.45). The highest rate of suicide occurred in men's football (2.25/100,000), and football athletes had a relative risk of 2.2 (P = 0.03) of committing suicide compared with other male, nonfootball athletes. CONCLUSION: The suicide rate in NCAA athletes appears to be lower than that of the general and collegiate population of similar age. NCAA male athletes have a significantly higher rate of suicide compared with female athletes, and football athletes appear to be at greatest risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suicide represents a preventable cause of death, and development of effective prevention programs is recommended. Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {*Sports/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Comstock, R D; Currie, D W; Pierpoint, L A; Grubenhoff, J A; Fields, S K
An Evidence-Based Discussion of Heading the Ball and Concussions in High School Soccer Journal Article
In: JAMA Pediatr, vol. 169, no. 9, pp. 830–837, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/rh [Rehabilitation], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Brain Concussion/rh [Rehabilitation], Child, Evidence-Based Medicine/mt [Methods], Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Time Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Comstock2015,
title = {An Evidence-Based Discussion of Heading the Ball and Concussions in High School Soccer},
author = {Comstock, R D and Currie, D W and Pierpoint, L A and Grubenhoff, J A and Fields, S K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {JAMA Pediatr},
volume = {169},
number = {9},
pages = {830--837},
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Soccer, originally introduced as a safer sport for children and adolescents, has seen a rapid increase in popularity in the United States over the past 3 decades. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of soccer ball heading (when an athlete attempts to play the ball in the air with his or her head) given the rise in concussion rates, with some calling for a ban on heading among soccer players younger than 14 years. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate trends over time in boys' and girls' soccer concussions, to identify injury mechanisms commonly leading to concussions, to delineate soccer-specific activities during which most concussions occur, to detail heading-related soccer concussion mechanisms, and to compare concussion symptom patterns by injury mechanism. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of longitudinal surveillance data collected from 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 in a large, nationally representative sample of US high schools. Participants were boys and girls who were high school soccer players. EXPOSURES: Concussions sustained during high school-sanctioned soccer games and practices. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mechanism and sport-specific activity of concussion. RESULTS: Overall, 627 concussions were sustained during 1,393,753 athlete exposures (AEs) among girls (4.50 concussions per 10,000 AEs), and 442 concussions were sustained during 1,592,238 AEs among boys (2.78 concussions per 10,000 AEs). For boys (68.8%) and girls (51.3%), contact with another player was the most common concussion mechanism. Heading was the most common soccer-specific activity, responsible for 30.6% of boys' concussions and 25.3% of girls' concussions. Contact with another player was the most common mechanism of injury in heading-related concussions among boys (78.1%) and girls (61.9%). There were few differences in concussion symptom patterns by injury mechanism. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although heading is the most common activity associated with concussions, the most frequent mechanism was athlete-athlete contact. Such information is needed to drive evidence-based, targeted prevention efforts to effectively reduce soccer-related concussions. Although banning heading from youth soccer would likely prevent some concussions, reducing athlete-athlete contact across all phases of play would likely be a more effective way to prevent concussions as well as other injuries.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/rh [Rehabilitation], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Brain Concussion/rh [Rehabilitation], Child, Evidence-Based Medicine/mt [Methods], Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Time Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Strand, S; Lechuga, D; Zachariah, T; Beaulieu, K
Relative risk for concussions in young female soccer players Journal Article
In: Applied Neuropsychology. Child, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 58–64, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Child, Female, Humans, Incidence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Strand2015,
title = {Relative risk for concussions in young female soccer players},
author = {Strand, S and Lechuga, D and Zachariah, T and Beaulieu, K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Applied Neuropsychology. Child},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {58--64},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the relative risk and reported symptoms of concussions in 11- to 13-year-old, female soccer players. For this, a survey to compare the reported incidence of concussion in age-matched female soccer players to nonsoccer players was performed. The survey included 342 girls between the ages of 11 and 13: 195 were involved in an organized soccer team and 147 were not involved in organized soccer but were allowed to participate in any other sport or activity. A total of 94 of the 195 soccer players, or 48%, reported at least one symptom consistent with a concussion. The most prevalent symptom for these girls was headache (84%). A total of 34 of the 147 nonsoccer players, or 23%, reported at least one symptom consistent with a concussion in the previous six months. These results determined that the relative risk of probable concussions among 11- to 13-year-old, female soccer players is 2.09 (p \< .001},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Child, Female, Humans, Incidence, Risk Factors, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Logan, B W; Goldman, S; Zola, M; Mackey, A
Concussive brain injury in the military: September 2001 to the present Journal Article
In: Behav Sci Law, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 803–813, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Concussion/th [Therapy], *Military Personnel/px [Psychology], 2003-2011, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Brain Concussion/co [Complications], Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Iraq War, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{Logan2013,
title = {Concussive brain injury in the military: September 2001 to the present},
author = {Logan, B W and Goldman, S and Zola, M and Mackey, A},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Behav Sci Law},
volume = {31},
number = {6},
pages = {803--813},
abstract = {Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, 1,348,405 citizens have been deployed to combat in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn in Iraq, and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (OEF). During this same period 266,810 (20%) of these individuals have been diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The majority of these were Army soldiers, with 155,282 (58%) receiving the diagnosis. Mild TBI comprised 82% of the total, with the remainder being moderate to severe. Over this same period the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested $374.9 million to enhance access and quality of care services, including 57 TBI treatment centers in the combat theater and throughout the U.S. The Army's medical research division, the Medical Research and Material Command (MRMC), has invested an additional $700 million to TBI research during this time. The effort has faced a number of challenges, including limited human subject basic and translational research, limited epidemiological data on combat-related injuries, limited capacity and standards for data acquisition, and a lack of standardized evidenced-based protocols for treatment. All these areas have undergone significant growth and development, leading to the comprehensive system of care present today. A further challenge in this patient population has been the clinical co-morbidity of TBI, post-traumatic stress disorder, and chronic pain syndrome. The Army and the DoD have created treatment programs that are interdisciplinary in clinical approach, targeting particular neuropsychological domains of dysfunction rather than diagnostic category or etiology of injury. This article presents the history of this effort, the challenges to accurate and adequate diagnosis and care that remain, and the future of brain injury clinical and research efforts in the military. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
keywords = {*Brain Concussion/th [Therapy], *Military Personnel/px [Psychology], 2003-2011, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Brain Concussion/co [Complications], Brain Concussion/di [Diagnosis], Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Iraq War, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
for Disease Control, Centers; Prevention,
Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities--United States, 2001-2005 Journal Article
In: MMWR - Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 56, no. 29, pp. 733–737, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Adolescent, adult, Child, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Female, Humans, Incidence/Epidemiology, Infant, Male, middle aged, Population Surveillance, Preschool, recreation, United States/ep [Epidemiology]
@article{CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention2007,
title = {Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities--United States, 2001-2005},
author = {{Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {MMWR - Morbidity \& Mortality Weekly Report},
volume = {56},
number = {29},
pages = {733--737},
abstract = {Each year in the United States, an estimated 38 million children and adolescents participate in organized sports, and approximately 170 million adults participate in some type of physical activity not related to work. The health benefits of these activities are tempered by the risk for injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). CDC estimates that 1.1 million persons with TBIs are treated and released from U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs) each year, and an additional 235,000 are hospitalized for these injuries. TBIs can result in long-term, negative health effects (e.g., memory loss and behavioral changes). To characterize sports- and recreation-related (SR-related) TBIs among patients treated in U.S. hospital EDs, CDC analyzed data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System--All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) for the period 2001-2005. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that an estimated 207,830 patients with nonfatal SR-related TBIs were treated in EDs each year during this period. The highest rates of SR-related TBI ED visits for both males and females occurred among those aged 10-14 years. Increased awareness of TBI risks, prevention strategies, and the importance of timely identification and management is essential for reducing the incidence, severity, and long-term negative health effects of this type of injury.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Adolescent, adult, Child, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Female, Humans, Incidence/Epidemiology, Infant, Male, middle aged, Population Surveillance, Preschool, recreation, United States/ep [Epidemiology]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}