Covassin, T; Moran, R; Elbin, R J
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009 Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 189–194, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities
@article{Covassin2016,
title = {Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009},
author = {Covassin, T and Moran, R and Elbin, R J},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {189--194},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING: National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category. RESULTS: During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players. CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rao, A L; Asif, I M; Drezner, J A; Toresdahl, B G; Harmon, K G
Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database Journal Article
In: Sports & Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 452–457, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Sports/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult
@article{Rao2015,
title = {Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database},
author = {Rao, A L and Asif, I M and Drezner, J A and Toresdahl, B G and Harmon, K G},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports \& Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {452--457},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has recently highlighted mental health concerns in student athletes, though the incidence of suicide among NCAA athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of suicide among NCAA athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of suicide in NCAA athletes differs by sex, race, sport, and division. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: NCAA Memorial Resolutions list and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student-athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012. Deaths were analyzed by age, sex, race, division, and sport. RESULTS: Over the 9-year study period, 35 cases of suicide were identified from a review of 477 student-athlete deaths during 3,773,309 individual participant seasons. The overall suicide rate was 0.93/100,000 per year. Suicide represented 7.3% (35/477) of all-cause mortality among NCAA student athletes. The annual incidence of suicide in male athletes was 1.35/100,000 and in female athletes was 0.37/100,000 (relative risk [RR], 3.7; P \< 0.01). The incidence in African American athletes was 1.22/100,000 and in white athletes was 0.87/100,000 (RR, 1.4; P = 0.45). The highest rate of suicide occurred in men's football (2.25/100,000), and football athletes had a relative risk of 2.2 (P = 0.03) of committing suicide compared with other male, nonfootball athletes. CONCLUSION: The suicide rate in NCAA athletes appears to be lower than that of the general and collegiate population of similar age. NCAA male athletes have a significantly higher rate of suicide compared with female athletes, and football athletes appear to be at greatest risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suicide represents a preventable cause of death, and development of effective prevention programs is recommended. Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {*Sports/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chiu, W T; Huang, S J; Tsai, S H; Lin, J W; Tsai, M D; Lin, T J; Huang, W C
The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 930–935, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics & Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics & Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention & Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]
@article{Chiu2007,
title = {The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury},
author = {Chiu, W T and Huang, S J and Tsai, S H and Lin, J W and Tsai, M D and Lin, T J and Huang, W C},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Neuroscience},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {930--935},
abstract = {In 1991, a population-based epidemiologic traumatic brain injury (TBI) study was done in urban and rural areas of Taiwan; this was 5 years before the helmet use law was passed and 8 years before the drink driving law was passed. In order to evaluate the impact of three major determinants (time, geography, and legislation) on the epidemiology of TBI, we conducted a prospective study in 2001 and used the 1991 data to examine the differences in TBI distribution in urban and rural Taiwan a decade after these laws were passed. In 2001, 5754 TBI cases were collected from the urban area of Taipei City, and 1474 TBI cases were collected from the rural area of Hualien County. The TBI incidence rate in Taipei City in 2001 was estimated to be 218/100,000 population (285/100,000 for males and 152/100,000 for females). When compared to the 1991 data, the incidence rate in 2001 had increased by 20%. The TBI incidence rate in Hualien County in 2001 was estimated to be 417/100,000 population (516/100,000 for males and 306/100,000 for females); this was a 37% increase over the 1991 data. Our study found that the distribution of causes and age distribution had shifted significantly over the 10-year period. In 2001, the age group with the highest incidence was 20-29 years, while in 1991 it had been the over 70 years age group. While traffic-related TBI had decreased, falls and assaults had increased in 2001. We also found that legislation, such as the helmet law, affects TBI distribution by decreasing the traffic-related TBI rate, decreasing the admission severity of TBI, and reducing TBI-related mortality. Finally, geography plays a crucial role in the outcome of TBI; over the 10 year period, Taipei had an increase in moderately severe outcomes, while Hualien had an increase in more severe outcomes. Comparative studies of TBI in urban and rural areas have shown that time, legislation, and geography are crucial determinants of TBI epidemiology. Although time and legal interventions seem to have more of an impact, geography does affect TBI outcomes.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics \& Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention \& Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Covassin, T; Moran, R; Elbin, R J
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009 Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 189–194, 2016.
@article{Covassin2016,
title = {Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009},
author = {Covassin, T and Moran, R and Elbin, R J},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {189--194},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING: National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category. RESULTS: During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players. CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rao, A L; Asif, I M; Drezner, J A; Toresdahl, B G; Harmon, K G
Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database Journal Article
In: Sports & Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 452–457, 2015.
@article{Rao2015,
title = {Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database},
author = {Rao, A L and Asif, I M and Drezner, J A and Toresdahl, B G and Harmon, K G},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports \& Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {452--457},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has recently highlighted mental health concerns in student athletes, though the incidence of suicide among NCAA athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of suicide among NCAA athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of suicide in NCAA athletes differs by sex, race, sport, and division. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: NCAA Memorial Resolutions list and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student-athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012. Deaths were analyzed by age, sex, race, division, and sport. RESULTS: Over the 9-year study period, 35 cases of suicide were identified from a review of 477 student-athlete deaths during 3,773,309 individual participant seasons. The overall suicide rate was 0.93/100,000 per year. Suicide represented 7.3% (35/477) of all-cause mortality among NCAA student athletes. The annual incidence of suicide in male athletes was 1.35/100,000 and in female athletes was 0.37/100,000 (relative risk [RR], 3.7; P \< 0.01). The incidence in African American athletes was 1.22/100,000 and in white athletes was 0.87/100,000 (RR, 1.4; P = 0.45). The highest rate of suicide occurred in men's football (2.25/100,000), and football athletes had a relative risk of 2.2 (P = 0.03) of committing suicide compared with other male, nonfootball athletes. CONCLUSION: The suicide rate in NCAA athletes appears to be lower than that of the general and collegiate population of similar age. NCAA male athletes have a significantly higher rate of suicide compared with female athletes, and football athletes appear to be at greatest risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suicide represents a preventable cause of death, and development of effective prevention programs is recommended. Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chiu, W T; Huang, S J; Tsai, S H; Lin, J W; Tsai, M D; Lin, T J; Huang, W C
The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 930–935, 2007.
@article{Chiu2007,
title = {The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury},
author = {Chiu, W T and Huang, S J and Tsai, S H and Lin, J W and Tsai, M D and Lin, T J and Huang, W C},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Neuroscience},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {930--935},
abstract = {In 1991, a population-based epidemiologic traumatic brain injury (TBI) study was done in urban and rural areas of Taiwan; this was 5 years before the helmet use law was passed and 8 years before the drink driving law was passed. In order to evaluate the impact of three major determinants (time, geography, and legislation) on the epidemiology of TBI, we conducted a prospective study in 2001 and used the 1991 data to examine the differences in TBI distribution in urban and rural Taiwan a decade after these laws were passed. In 2001, 5754 TBI cases were collected from the urban area of Taipei City, and 1474 TBI cases were collected from the rural area of Hualien County. The TBI incidence rate in Taipei City in 2001 was estimated to be 218/100,000 population (285/100,000 for males and 152/100,000 for females). When compared to the 1991 data, the incidence rate in 2001 had increased by 20%. The TBI incidence rate in Hualien County in 2001 was estimated to be 417/100,000 population (516/100,000 for males and 306/100,000 for females); this was a 37% increase over the 1991 data. Our study found that the distribution of causes and age distribution had shifted significantly over the 10-year period. In 2001, the age group with the highest incidence was 20-29 years, while in 1991 it had been the over 70 years age group. While traffic-related TBI had decreased, falls and assaults had increased in 2001. We also found that legislation, such as the helmet law, affects TBI distribution by decreasing the traffic-related TBI rate, decreasing the admission severity of TBI, and reducing TBI-related mortality. Finally, geography plays a crucial role in the outcome of TBI; over the 10 year period, Taipei had an increase in moderately severe outcomes, while Hualien had an increase in more severe outcomes. Comparative studies of TBI in urban and rural areas have shown that time, legislation, and geography are crucial determinants of TBI epidemiology. Although time and legal interventions seem to have more of an impact, geography does affect TBI outcomes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Covassin, T; Moran, R; Elbin, R J
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009 Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 189–194, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities
@article{Covassin2016,
title = {Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009},
author = {Covassin, T and Moran, R and Elbin, R J},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {189--194},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING: National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category. RESULTS: During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players. CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Brain Concussion/ep [Epidemiology], Baseball/in [Injuries], Basketball/in [Injuries], Female, Hockey/in [Injuries], Humans, Incidence, Male, Racquet Sports/in [Injuries], return to sport, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Soccer/in [Injuries], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Universities},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rao, A L; Asif, I M; Drezner, J A; Toresdahl, B G; Harmon, K G
Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database Journal Article
In: Sports & Health, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 452–457, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Sports/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult
@article{Rao2015,
title = {Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database},
author = {Rao, A L and Asif, I M and Drezner, J A and Toresdahl, B G and Harmon, K G},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sports \& Health},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {452--457},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has recently highlighted mental health concerns in student athletes, though the incidence of suicide among NCAA athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of suicide among NCAA athletes. HYPOTHESIS: The incidence of suicide in NCAA athletes differs by sex, race, sport, and division. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: NCAA Memorial Resolutions list and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student-athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-2004 through 2011-2012. Deaths were analyzed by age, sex, race, division, and sport. RESULTS: Over the 9-year study period, 35 cases of suicide were identified from a review of 477 student-athlete deaths during 3,773,309 individual participant seasons. The overall suicide rate was 0.93/100,000 per year. Suicide represented 7.3% (35/477) of all-cause mortality among NCAA student athletes. The annual incidence of suicide in male athletes was 1.35/100,000 and in female athletes was 0.37/100,000 (relative risk [RR], 3.7; P \< 0.01). The incidence in African American athletes was 1.22/100,000 and in white athletes was 0.87/100,000 (RR, 1.4; P = 0.45). The highest rate of suicide occurred in men's football (2.25/100,000), and football athletes had a relative risk of 2.2 (P = 0.03) of committing suicide compared with other male, nonfootball athletes. CONCLUSION: The suicide rate in NCAA athletes appears to be lower than that of the general and collegiate population of similar age. NCAA male athletes have a significantly higher rate of suicide compared with female athletes, and football athletes appear to be at greatest risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suicide represents a preventable cause of death, and development of effective prevention programs is recommended. Copyright © 2015 The Author(s).},
keywords = {*Sports/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Suicide/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], African Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group/sn [Statistics, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Suicide/eh [Ethnology], United States/ep [Epidemiology], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chiu, W T; Huang, S J; Tsai, S H; Lin, J W; Tsai, M D; Lin, T J; Huang, W C
The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 930–935, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics & Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics & Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention & Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]
@article{Chiu2007,
title = {The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury},
author = {Chiu, W T and Huang, S J and Tsai, S H and Lin, J W and Tsai, M D and Lin, T J and Huang, W C},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Neuroscience},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {930--935},
abstract = {In 1991, a population-based epidemiologic traumatic brain injury (TBI) study was done in urban and rural areas of Taiwan; this was 5 years before the helmet use law was passed and 8 years before the drink driving law was passed. In order to evaluate the impact of three major determinants (time, geography, and legislation) on the epidemiology of TBI, we conducted a prospective study in 2001 and used the 1991 data to examine the differences in TBI distribution in urban and rural Taiwan a decade after these laws were passed. In 2001, 5754 TBI cases were collected from the urban area of Taipei City, and 1474 TBI cases were collected from the rural area of Hualien County. The TBI incidence rate in Taipei City in 2001 was estimated to be 218/100,000 population (285/100,000 for males and 152/100,000 for females). When compared to the 1991 data, the incidence rate in 2001 had increased by 20%. The TBI incidence rate in Hualien County in 2001 was estimated to be 417/100,000 population (516/100,000 for males and 306/100,000 for females); this was a 37% increase over the 1991 data. Our study found that the distribution of causes and age distribution had shifted significantly over the 10-year period. In 2001, the age group with the highest incidence was 20-29 years, while in 1991 it had been the over 70 years age group. While traffic-related TBI had decreased, falls and assaults had increased in 2001. We also found that legislation, such as the helmet law, affects TBI distribution by decreasing the traffic-related TBI rate, decreasing the admission severity of TBI, and reducing TBI-related mortality. Finally, geography plays a crucial role in the outcome of TBI; over the 10 year period, Taipei had an increase in moderately severe outcomes, while Hualien had an increase in more severe outcomes. Comparative studies of TBI in urban and rural areas have shown that time, legislation, and geography are crucial determinants of TBI epidemiology. Although time and legal interventions seem to have more of an impact, geography does affect TBI outcomes.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics \& Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention \& Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}