Richards, D; Ivarsson, B J; Scher, I; Hoover, R; Rodowicz, K; Cripton, P
Ice hockey shoulder pad design and the effect on head response during shoulder-to-head impacts Journal Article
In: Sports Biomechanics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 385–396, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head/ph [Physiology], *Hockey/ph [Physiology], *Protective Clothing, *Shoulder/ph [Physiology], Acceleration, Biomechanical Phenomena, Equipment Design, Humans, Male, Manikins, Materials testing, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors
@article{Richards2016,
title = {Ice hockey shoulder pad design and the effect on head response during shoulder-to-head impacts},
author = {Richards, D and Ivarsson, B J and Scher, I and Hoover, R and Rodowicz, K and Cripton, P},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Sports Biomechanics},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {385--396},
abstract = {Ice hockey body checks involving direct shoulder-to-head contact frequently result in head injury. In the current study, we examined the effect of shoulder pad style on the likelihood of head injury from a shoulder-to-head check. Shoulder-to-head body checks were simulated by swinging a modified Hybrid-III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) with and without shoulder pads into a stationary Hybrid-III ATD at 21 km/h. Tests were conducted with three different styles of shoulder pads (traditional, integrated and tethered) and without shoulder pads for the purpose of control. Head response kinematics for the stationary ATD were measured. Compared to the case of no shoulder pads, the three different pad styles significantly (p \< 0.05) reduced peak resultant linear head accelerations of the stationary ATD by 35-56%. The integrated shoulder pads reduced linear head accelerations by an additional 18-21% beyond the other two styles of shoulder pads. The data presented here suggest that shoulder pads can be designed to help protect the head of the struck player in a shoulder-to-head check.},
keywords = {*Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head/ph [Physiology], *Hockey/ph [Physiology], *Protective Clothing, *Shoulder/ph [Physiology], Acceleration, Biomechanical Phenomena, Equipment Design, Humans, Male, Manikins, Materials testing, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ivancic, P C
Neck injury response to direct head impact Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp. 323–329, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording
@article{Ivancic2013,
title = {Neck injury response to direct head impact},
author = {Ivancic, P C},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {50},
pages = {323--329},
abstract = {Previous in vivo studies have observed flexion of the upper or upper/middle cervical spine and extension at inferior spinal levels due to direct head impacts. These studies hypothesized that hyperflexion may contribute to injury of the upper or middle cervical spine during real-life head impact. Our objectives were to determine the cervical spine injury response to direct head impact, document injuries, and compare our results with previously reported in vivo data. Our model consisted of a human cadaver neck (n=6) mounted to the torso of a rear impact dummy and carrying a surrogate head. Rearward force was applied to the model's forehead using a cable and pulley system and free-falling mass of 3.6kg followed by 16.7kg. High-speed digital cameras tracked head, vertebral, and pelvic motions. Average peak spinal rotations observed during impact were statistically compared (P\<0.05) to physiological ranges obtained from intact flexibility tests. Peak head impact force was 249 and 504N for the 3.6 and 16.7kg free-falling masses, respectively. Occipital condyle loads reached 205.3N posterior shear, 331.4N compression, and 7.4Nm extension moment. We observed significant increases in intervertebral extension peaks above physiologic at C6/7 (26.3degree vs. 5.7degree) and C7/T1 (29.7degree vs. 4.6degree) and macroscopic ligamentous and osseous injuries at C6 through T1 due to the 504N impacts. Our results indicate that a rearward head shear force causes complex neck loads of posterior shear, compression, and extension moment sufficient to injure the lower cervical spine. Real-life neck injuries due to motor vehicle crashes, sports impacts, or falls are likely due to combined loads transferred to the neck by direct head impact and torso inertial loads. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Richards, D; Ivarsson, B J; Scher, I; Hoover, R; Rodowicz, K; Cripton, P
Ice hockey shoulder pad design and the effect on head response during shoulder-to-head impacts Journal Article
In: Sports Biomechanics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 385–396, 2016.
@article{Richards2016,
title = {Ice hockey shoulder pad design and the effect on head response during shoulder-to-head impacts},
author = {Richards, D and Ivarsson, B J and Scher, I and Hoover, R and Rodowicz, K and Cripton, P},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Sports Biomechanics},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {385--396},
abstract = {Ice hockey body checks involving direct shoulder-to-head contact frequently result in head injury. In the current study, we examined the effect of shoulder pad style on the likelihood of head injury from a shoulder-to-head check. Shoulder-to-head body checks were simulated by swinging a modified Hybrid-III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) with and without shoulder pads into a stationary Hybrid-III ATD at 21 km/h. Tests were conducted with three different styles of shoulder pads (traditional, integrated and tethered) and without shoulder pads for the purpose of control. Head response kinematics for the stationary ATD were measured. Compared to the case of no shoulder pads, the three different pad styles significantly (p \< 0.05) reduced peak resultant linear head accelerations of the stationary ATD by 35-56%. The integrated shoulder pads reduced linear head accelerations by an additional 18-21% beyond the other two styles of shoulder pads. The data presented here suggest that shoulder pads can be designed to help protect the head of the struck player in a shoulder-to-head check.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ivancic, P C
Neck injury response to direct head impact Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp. 323–329, 2013.
@article{Ivancic2013,
title = {Neck injury response to direct head impact},
author = {Ivancic, P C},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {50},
pages = {323--329},
abstract = {Previous in vivo studies have observed flexion of the upper or upper/middle cervical spine and extension at inferior spinal levels due to direct head impacts. These studies hypothesized that hyperflexion may contribute to injury of the upper or middle cervical spine during real-life head impact. Our objectives were to determine the cervical spine injury response to direct head impact, document injuries, and compare our results with previously reported in vivo data. Our model consisted of a human cadaver neck (n=6) mounted to the torso of a rear impact dummy and carrying a surrogate head. Rearward force was applied to the model's forehead using a cable and pulley system and free-falling mass of 3.6kg followed by 16.7kg. High-speed digital cameras tracked head, vertebral, and pelvic motions. Average peak spinal rotations observed during impact were statistically compared (P\<0.05) to physiological ranges obtained from intact flexibility tests. Peak head impact force was 249 and 504N for the 3.6 and 16.7kg free-falling masses, respectively. Occipital condyle loads reached 205.3N posterior shear, 331.4N compression, and 7.4Nm extension moment. We observed significant increases in intervertebral extension peaks above physiologic at C6/7 (26.3degree vs. 5.7degree) and C7/T1 (29.7degree vs. 4.6degree) and macroscopic ligamentous and osseous injuries at C6 through T1 due to the 504N impacts. Our results indicate that a rearward head shear force causes complex neck loads of posterior shear, compression, and extension moment sufficient to injure the lower cervical spine. Real-life neck injuries due to motor vehicle crashes, sports impacts, or falls are likely due to combined loads transferred to the neck by direct head impact and torso inertial loads. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Richards, D; Ivarsson, B J; Scher, I; Hoover, R; Rodowicz, K; Cripton, P
Ice hockey shoulder pad design and the effect on head response during shoulder-to-head impacts Journal Article
In: Sports Biomechanics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 385–396, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head/ph [Physiology], *Hockey/ph [Physiology], *Protective Clothing, *Shoulder/ph [Physiology], Acceleration, Biomechanical Phenomena, Equipment Design, Humans, Male, Manikins, Materials testing, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors
@article{Richards2016,
title = {Ice hockey shoulder pad design and the effect on head response during shoulder-to-head impacts},
author = {Richards, D and Ivarsson, B J and Scher, I and Hoover, R and Rodowicz, K and Cripton, P},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Sports Biomechanics},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {385--396},
abstract = {Ice hockey body checks involving direct shoulder-to-head contact frequently result in head injury. In the current study, we examined the effect of shoulder pad style on the likelihood of head injury from a shoulder-to-head check. Shoulder-to-head body checks were simulated by swinging a modified Hybrid-III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) with and without shoulder pads into a stationary Hybrid-III ATD at 21 km/h. Tests were conducted with three different styles of shoulder pads (traditional, integrated and tethered) and without shoulder pads for the purpose of control. Head response kinematics for the stationary ATD were measured. Compared to the case of no shoulder pads, the three different pad styles significantly (p \< 0.05) reduced peak resultant linear head accelerations of the stationary ATD by 35-56%. The integrated shoulder pads reduced linear head accelerations by an additional 18-21% beyond the other two styles of shoulder pads. The data presented here suggest that shoulder pads can be designed to help protect the head of the struck player in a shoulder-to-head check.},
keywords = {*Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head/ph [Physiology], *Hockey/ph [Physiology], *Protective Clothing, *Shoulder/ph [Physiology], Acceleration, Biomechanical Phenomena, Equipment Design, Humans, Male, Manikins, Materials testing, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ivancic, P C
Neck injury response to direct head impact Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp. 323–329, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording
@article{Ivancic2013,
title = {Neck injury response to direct head impact},
author = {Ivancic, P C},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {50},
pages = {323--329},
abstract = {Previous in vivo studies have observed flexion of the upper or upper/middle cervical spine and extension at inferior spinal levels due to direct head impacts. These studies hypothesized that hyperflexion may contribute to injury of the upper or middle cervical spine during real-life head impact. Our objectives were to determine the cervical spine injury response to direct head impact, document injuries, and compare our results with previously reported in vivo data. Our model consisted of a human cadaver neck (n=6) mounted to the torso of a rear impact dummy and carrying a surrogate head. Rearward force was applied to the model's forehead using a cable and pulley system and free-falling mass of 3.6kg followed by 16.7kg. High-speed digital cameras tracked head, vertebral, and pelvic motions. Average peak spinal rotations observed during impact were statistically compared (P\<0.05) to physiological ranges obtained from intact flexibility tests. Peak head impact force was 249 and 504N for the 3.6 and 16.7kg free-falling masses, respectively. Occipital condyle loads reached 205.3N posterior shear, 331.4N compression, and 7.4Nm extension moment. We observed significant increases in intervertebral extension peaks above physiologic at C6/7 (26.3degree vs. 5.7degree) and C7/T1 (29.7degree vs. 4.6degree) and macroscopic ligamentous and osseous injuries at C6 through T1 due to the 504N impacts. Our results indicate that a rearward head shear force causes complex neck loads of posterior shear, compression, and extension moment sufficient to injure the lower cervical spine. Real-life neck injuries due to motor vehicle crashes, sports impacts, or falls are likely due to combined loads transferred to the neck by direct head impact and torso inertial loads. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}