Fahlstedt, M; Halldin, P; Kleiven, S
The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 91, pp. 135–143, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices, *Skull Fractures/pc [Prevention & Control], Computer simulation, Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], finite element analysis, Humans, Traffic
@article{Fahlstedt2016,
title = {The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study},
author = {Fahlstedt, M and Halldin, P and Kleiven, S},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {91},
pages = {135--143},
abstract = {There is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of helmets in preventing head injuries among cyclists. Epidemiological, experimental and computer simulation studies have suggested that helmets do indeed have a protective effect, whereas other studies based on epidemiological data have argued that there is no evidence that the helmet protects the brain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of a helmet in single bicycle accident reconstructions using detailed finite element simulations. Strain in the brain tissue, which is associated with brain injuries, was reduced by up to 43% for the accident cases studied when a helmet was included. This resulted in a reduction of the risk of concussion of up to 54%. The stress to the skull bone went from fracture level of 80 MPa down to 13-16 MPa when a helmet was included and the skull fracture risk was reduced by up to 98% based on linear acceleration. Even with a 10% increased riding velocity for the helmeted impacts, to take into account possible increased risk taking, the risk of concussion was still reduced by up to 46% when compared with the unhelmeted impacts with original velocity. The results of this study show that the brain injury risk and risk of skull fracture could have been reduced in these three cases if a helmet had been worn.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices, *Skull Fractures/pc [Prevention \& Control], Computer simulation, Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], finite element analysis, Humans, Traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Whitlam, Peter
Forum on Concussion in Physical Education and Sport (England) Journal Article
In: Physical Education Matters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 78–79, 2015, ISBN: 17510988.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *BRAIN -- Concussion, MEDICATION therapy management
@article{Whitlam2015,
title = {Forum on Concussion in Physical Education and Sport (England)},
author = {Whitlam, Peter},
isbn = {17510988},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physical Education Matters},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {78--79},
abstract = {Article focuses on concussion which is a common brain injury in sports, as well as provides a detailed description of the disease and steps to taken in order to tackle it and how to help a victim come to lead a normal life.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *BRAIN -- Concussion, MEDICATION therapy management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ivancic, P C
Neck injury response to direct head impact Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp. 323–329, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording
@article{Ivancic2013,
title = {Neck injury response to direct head impact},
author = {Ivancic, P C},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {50},
pages = {323--329},
abstract = {Previous in vivo studies have observed flexion of the upper or upper/middle cervical spine and extension at inferior spinal levels due to direct head impacts. These studies hypothesized that hyperflexion may contribute to injury of the upper or middle cervical spine during real-life head impact. Our objectives were to determine the cervical spine injury response to direct head impact, document injuries, and compare our results with previously reported in vivo data. Our model consisted of a human cadaver neck (n=6) mounted to the torso of a rear impact dummy and carrying a surrogate head. Rearward force was applied to the model's forehead using a cable and pulley system and free-falling mass of 3.6kg followed by 16.7kg. High-speed digital cameras tracked head, vertebral, and pelvic motions. Average peak spinal rotations observed during impact were statistically compared (P\<0.05) to physiological ranges obtained from intact flexibility tests. Peak head impact force was 249 and 504N for the 3.6 and 16.7kg free-falling masses, respectively. Occipital condyle loads reached 205.3N posterior shear, 331.4N compression, and 7.4Nm extension moment. We observed significant increases in intervertebral extension peaks above physiologic at C6/7 (26.3degree vs. 5.7degree) and C7/T1 (29.7degree vs. 4.6degree) and macroscopic ligamentous and osseous injuries at C6 through T1 due to the 504N impacts. Our results indicate that a rearward head shear force causes complex neck loads of posterior shear, compression, and extension moment sufficient to injure the lower cervical spine. Real-life neck injuries due to motor vehicle crashes, sports impacts, or falls are likely due to combined loads transferred to the neck by direct head impact and torso inertial loads. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chiu, W T; Huang, S J; Tsai, S H; Lin, J W; Tsai, M D; Lin, T J; Huang, W C
The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 930–935, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics & Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics & Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention & Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]
@article{Chiu2007,
title = {The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury},
author = {Chiu, W T and Huang, S J and Tsai, S H and Lin, J W and Tsai, M D and Lin, T J and Huang, W C},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Neuroscience},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {930--935},
abstract = {In 1991, a population-based epidemiologic traumatic brain injury (TBI) study was done in urban and rural areas of Taiwan; this was 5 years before the helmet use law was passed and 8 years before the drink driving law was passed. In order to evaluate the impact of three major determinants (time, geography, and legislation) on the epidemiology of TBI, we conducted a prospective study in 2001 and used the 1991 data to examine the differences in TBI distribution in urban and rural Taiwan a decade after these laws were passed. In 2001, 5754 TBI cases were collected from the urban area of Taipei City, and 1474 TBI cases were collected from the rural area of Hualien County. The TBI incidence rate in Taipei City in 2001 was estimated to be 218/100,000 population (285/100,000 for males and 152/100,000 for females). When compared to the 1991 data, the incidence rate in 2001 had increased by 20%. The TBI incidence rate in Hualien County in 2001 was estimated to be 417/100,000 population (516/100,000 for males and 306/100,000 for females); this was a 37% increase over the 1991 data. Our study found that the distribution of causes and age distribution had shifted significantly over the 10-year period. In 2001, the age group with the highest incidence was 20-29 years, while in 1991 it had been the over 70 years age group. While traffic-related TBI had decreased, falls and assaults had increased in 2001. We also found that legislation, such as the helmet law, affects TBI distribution by decreasing the traffic-related TBI rate, decreasing the admission severity of TBI, and reducing TBI-related mortality. Finally, geography plays a crucial role in the outcome of TBI; over the 10 year period, Taipei had an increase in moderately severe outcomes, while Hualien had an increase in more severe outcomes. Comparative studies of TBI in urban and rural areas have shown that time, legislation, and geography are crucial determinants of TBI epidemiology. Although time and legal interventions seem to have more of an impact, geography does affect TBI outcomes.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics \& Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention \& Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Powell, John W; Dompier, Thomas P
The role of the helmet in the prevention of traumatic brain injuries Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 3, pp. 20–24, 2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, Occupational/pc [Prevention & Control]
@article{Powell2004,
title = {The role of the helmet in the prevention of traumatic brain injuries},
author = {Powell, John W and Dompier, Thomas P},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {3},
pages = {20--24},
address = {Athletic Training Education, 105 IM Sports Circle, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. powellj4@msu.edu},
abstract = {Today, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) exceed 1 million cases per year. Tens of thousands of people die and hundreds of thousands of people are hospitalized. The health care costs exceed US dollars 50 billion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that people with mild TBIs who are not hospitalized add another US dollars 17 billion to the total dollars spent on care. These high frequencies and costs place a high priority on programs and procedures to minimize the number of injuries and to reduce the severity of those that occur. One of these programs focuses on the protective devices worn by the people that work and play in environments where there is an identified risk of TBI. Because these environments cover a wide variety of activities, the design and effectiveness of these protective devices must be specific to the nature of the activity and the person they are designed to protect. [References: 6]},
keywords = {*Accidents, Occupational/pc [Prevention \& Control]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fahlstedt, M; Halldin, P; Kleiven, S
The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 91, pp. 135–143, 2016.
@article{Fahlstedt2016,
title = {The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study},
author = {Fahlstedt, M and Halldin, P and Kleiven, S},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {91},
pages = {135--143},
abstract = {There is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of helmets in preventing head injuries among cyclists. Epidemiological, experimental and computer simulation studies have suggested that helmets do indeed have a protective effect, whereas other studies based on epidemiological data have argued that there is no evidence that the helmet protects the brain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of a helmet in single bicycle accident reconstructions using detailed finite element simulations. Strain in the brain tissue, which is associated with brain injuries, was reduced by up to 43% for the accident cases studied when a helmet was included. This resulted in a reduction of the risk of concussion of up to 54%. The stress to the skull bone went from fracture level of 80 MPa down to 13-16 MPa when a helmet was included and the skull fracture risk was reduced by up to 98% based on linear acceleration. Even with a 10% increased riding velocity for the helmeted impacts, to take into account possible increased risk taking, the risk of concussion was still reduced by up to 46% when compared with the unhelmeted impacts with original velocity. The results of this study show that the brain injury risk and risk of skull fracture could have been reduced in these three cases if a helmet had been worn.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Whitlam, Peter
Forum on Concussion in Physical Education and Sport (England) Journal Article
In: Physical Education Matters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 78–79, 2015, ISBN: 17510988.
@article{Whitlam2015,
title = {Forum on Concussion in Physical Education and Sport (England)},
author = {Whitlam, Peter},
isbn = {17510988},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physical Education Matters},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {78--79},
abstract = {Article focuses on concussion which is a common brain injury in sports, as well as provides a detailed description of the disease and steps to taken in order to tackle it and how to help a victim come to lead a normal life.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ivancic, P C
Neck injury response to direct head impact Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp. 323–329, 2013.
@article{Ivancic2013,
title = {Neck injury response to direct head impact},
author = {Ivancic, P C},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {50},
pages = {323--329},
abstract = {Previous in vivo studies have observed flexion of the upper or upper/middle cervical spine and extension at inferior spinal levels due to direct head impacts. These studies hypothesized that hyperflexion may contribute to injury of the upper or middle cervical spine during real-life head impact. Our objectives were to determine the cervical spine injury response to direct head impact, document injuries, and compare our results with previously reported in vivo data. Our model consisted of a human cadaver neck (n=6) mounted to the torso of a rear impact dummy and carrying a surrogate head. Rearward force was applied to the model's forehead using a cable and pulley system and free-falling mass of 3.6kg followed by 16.7kg. High-speed digital cameras tracked head, vertebral, and pelvic motions. Average peak spinal rotations observed during impact were statistically compared (P\<0.05) to physiological ranges obtained from intact flexibility tests. Peak head impact force was 249 and 504N for the 3.6 and 16.7kg free-falling masses, respectively. Occipital condyle loads reached 205.3N posterior shear, 331.4N compression, and 7.4Nm extension moment. We observed significant increases in intervertebral extension peaks above physiologic at C6/7 (26.3degree vs. 5.7degree) and C7/T1 (29.7degree vs. 4.6degree) and macroscopic ligamentous and osseous injuries at C6 through T1 due to the 504N impacts. Our results indicate that a rearward head shear force causes complex neck loads of posterior shear, compression, and extension moment sufficient to injure the lower cervical spine. Real-life neck injuries due to motor vehicle crashes, sports impacts, or falls are likely due to combined loads transferred to the neck by direct head impact and torso inertial loads. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chiu, W T; Huang, S J; Tsai, S H; Lin, J W; Tsai, M D; Lin, T J; Huang, W C
The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 930–935, 2007.
@article{Chiu2007,
title = {The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury},
author = {Chiu, W T and Huang, S J and Tsai, S H and Lin, J W and Tsai, M D and Lin, T J and Huang, W C},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Neuroscience},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {930--935},
abstract = {In 1991, a population-based epidemiologic traumatic brain injury (TBI) study was done in urban and rural areas of Taiwan; this was 5 years before the helmet use law was passed and 8 years before the drink driving law was passed. In order to evaluate the impact of three major determinants (time, geography, and legislation) on the epidemiology of TBI, we conducted a prospective study in 2001 and used the 1991 data to examine the differences in TBI distribution in urban and rural Taiwan a decade after these laws were passed. In 2001, 5754 TBI cases were collected from the urban area of Taipei City, and 1474 TBI cases were collected from the rural area of Hualien County. The TBI incidence rate in Taipei City in 2001 was estimated to be 218/100,000 population (285/100,000 for males and 152/100,000 for females). When compared to the 1991 data, the incidence rate in 2001 had increased by 20%. The TBI incidence rate in Hualien County in 2001 was estimated to be 417/100,000 population (516/100,000 for males and 306/100,000 for females); this was a 37% increase over the 1991 data. Our study found that the distribution of causes and age distribution had shifted significantly over the 10-year period. In 2001, the age group with the highest incidence was 20-29 years, while in 1991 it had been the over 70 years age group. While traffic-related TBI had decreased, falls and assaults had increased in 2001. We also found that legislation, such as the helmet law, affects TBI distribution by decreasing the traffic-related TBI rate, decreasing the admission severity of TBI, and reducing TBI-related mortality. Finally, geography plays a crucial role in the outcome of TBI; over the 10 year period, Taipei had an increase in moderately severe outcomes, while Hualien had an increase in more severe outcomes. Comparative studies of TBI in urban and rural areas have shown that time, legislation, and geography are crucial determinants of TBI epidemiology. Although time and legal interventions seem to have more of an impact, geography does affect TBI outcomes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Powell, John W; Dompier, Thomas P
The role of the helmet in the prevention of traumatic brain injuries Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 3, pp. 20–24, 2004.
@article{Powell2004,
title = {The role of the helmet in the prevention of traumatic brain injuries},
author = {Powell, John W and Dompier, Thomas P},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {3},
pages = {20--24},
address = {Athletic Training Education, 105 IM Sports Circle, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. powellj4@msu.edu},
abstract = {Today, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) exceed 1 million cases per year. Tens of thousands of people die and hundreds of thousands of people are hospitalized. The health care costs exceed US dollars 50 billion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that people with mild TBIs who are not hospitalized add another US dollars 17 billion to the total dollars spent on care. These high frequencies and costs place a high priority on programs and procedures to minimize the number of injuries and to reduce the severity of those that occur. One of these programs focuses on the protective devices worn by the people that work and play in environments where there is an identified risk of TBI. Because these environments cover a wide variety of activities, the design and effectiveness of these protective devices must be specific to the nature of the activity and the person they are designed to protect. [References: 6]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fahlstedt, M; Halldin, P; Kleiven, S
The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 91, pp. 135–143, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices, *Skull Fractures/pc [Prevention & Control], Computer simulation, Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], finite element analysis, Humans, Traffic
@article{Fahlstedt2016,
title = {The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study},
author = {Fahlstedt, M and Halldin, P and Kleiven, S},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {91},
pages = {135--143},
abstract = {There is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of helmets in preventing head injuries among cyclists. Epidemiological, experimental and computer simulation studies have suggested that helmets do indeed have a protective effect, whereas other studies based on epidemiological data have argued that there is no evidence that the helmet protects the brain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of a helmet in single bicycle accident reconstructions using detailed finite element simulations. Strain in the brain tissue, which is associated with brain injuries, was reduced by up to 43% for the accident cases studied when a helmet was included. This resulted in a reduction of the risk of concussion of up to 54%. The stress to the skull bone went from fracture level of 80 MPa down to 13-16 MPa when a helmet was included and the skull fracture risk was reduced by up to 98% based on linear acceleration. Even with a 10% increased riding velocity for the helmeted impacts, to take into account possible increased risk taking, the risk of concussion was still reduced by up to 46% when compared with the unhelmeted impacts with original velocity. The results of this study show that the brain injury risk and risk of skull fracture could have been reduced in these three cases if a helmet had been worn.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices, *Skull Fractures/pc [Prevention \& Control], Computer simulation, Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], finite element analysis, Humans, Traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Whitlam, Peter
Forum on Concussion in Physical Education and Sport (England) Journal Article
In: Physical Education Matters, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 78–79, 2015, ISBN: 17510988.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *BRAIN -- Concussion, MEDICATION therapy management
@article{Whitlam2015,
title = {Forum on Concussion in Physical Education and Sport (England)},
author = {Whitlam, Peter},
isbn = {17510988},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physical Education Matters},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {78--79},
abstract = {Article focuses on concussion which is a common brain injury in sports, as well as provides a detailed description of the disease and steps to taken in order to tackle it and how to help a victim come to lead a normal life.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *BRAIN -- Concussion, MEDICATION therapy management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ivancic, P C
Neck injury response to direct head impact Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp. 323–329, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording
@article{Ivancic2013,
title = {Neck injury response to direct head impact},
author = {Ivancic, P C},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {50},
pages = {323--329},
abstract = {Previous in vivo studies have observed flexion of the upper or upper/middle cervical spine and extension at inferior spinal levels due to direct head impacts. These studies hypothesized that hyperflexion may contribute to injury of the upper or middle cervical spine during real-life head impact. Our objectives were to determine the cervical spine injury response to direct head impact, document injuries, and compare our results with previously reported in vivo data. Our model consisted of a human cadaver neck (n=6) mounted to the torso of a rear impact dummy and carrying a surrogate head. Rearward force was applied to the model's forehead using a cable and pulley system and free-falling mass of 3.6kg followed by 16.7kg. High-speed digital cameras tracked head, vertebral, and pelvic motions. Average peak spinal rotations observed during impact were statistically compared (P\<0.05) to physiological ranges obtained from intact flexibility tests. Peak head impact force was 249 and 504N for the 3.6 and 16.7kg free-falling masses, respectively. Occipital condyle loads reached 205.3N posterior shear, 331.4N compression, and 7.4Nm extension moment. We observed significant increases in intervertebral extension peaks above physiologic at C6/7 (26.3degree vs. 5.7degree) and C7/T1 (29.7degree vs. 4.6degree) and macroscopic ligamentous and osseous injuries at C6 through T1 due to the 504N impacts. Our results indicate that a rearward head shear force causes complex neck loads of posterior shear, compression, and extension moment sufficient to injure the lower cervical spine. Real-life neck injuries due to motor vehicle crashes, sports impacts, or falls are likely due to combined loads transferred to the neck by direct head impact and torso inertial loads. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Neck Injuries/et [Etiology], *Neck Injuries/pp [Physiopathology], Acceleration, ANALYSIS of variance, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cadaver, Humans, Manikins, Rotation, Traffic, VIDEO recording},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chiu, W T; Huang, S J; Tsai, S H; Lin, J W; Tsai, M D; Lin, T J; Huang, W C
The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 930–935, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics & Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics & Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention & Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]
@article{Chiu2007,
title = {The impact of time, legislation, and geography on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury},
author = {Chiu, W T and Huang, S J and Tsai, S H and Lin, J W and Tsai, M D and Lin, T J and Huang, W C},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Neuroscience},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {930--935},
abstract = {In 1991, a population-based epidemiologic traumatic brain injury (TBI) study was done in urban and rural areas of Taiwan; this was 5 years before the helmet use law was passed and 8 years before the drink driving law was passed. In order to evaluate the impact of three major determinants (time, geography, and legislation) on the epidemiology of TBI, we conducted a prospective study in 2001 and used the 1991 data to examine the differences in TBI distribution in urban and rural Taiwan a decade after these laws were passed. In 2001, 5754 TBI cases were collected from the urban area of Taipei City, and 1474 TBI cases were collected from the rural area of Hualien County. The TBI incidence rate in Taipei City in 2001 was estimated to be 218/100,000 population (285/100,000 for males and 152/100,000 for females). When compared to the 1991 data, the incidence rate in 2001 had increased by 20%. The TBI incidence rate in Hualien County in 2001 was estimated to be 417/100,000 population (516/100,000 for males and 306/100,000 for females); this was a 37% increase over the 1991 data. Our study found that the distribution of causes and age distribution had shifted significantly over the 10-year period. In 2001, the age group with the highest incidence was 20-29 years, while in 1991 it had been the over 70 years age group. While traffic-related TBI had decreased, falls and assaults had increased in 2001. We also found that legislation, such as the helmet law, affects TBI distribution by decreasing the traffic-related TBI rate, decreasing the admission severity of TBI, and reducing TBI-related mortality. Finally, geography plays a crucial role in the outcome of TBI; over the 10 year period, Taipei had an increase in moderately severe outcomes, while Hualien had an increase in more severe outcomes. Comparative studies of TBI in urban and rural areas have shown that time, legislation, and geography are crucial determinants of TBI epidemiology. Although time and legal interventions seem to have more of an impact, geography does affect TBI outcomes.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Brain Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], *Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical D, *Rural Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], *Urban Population/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Accidents, adult, age distribution, aged, Cohort Studies, Female, Head Protective Devices/sn [Statistics \& Numerical, Head Protective Devices/st [Standards], Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/td [Trends], Male, middle aged, Motorcycles/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Motorcycles/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Motorcycles/st [Standards], Prospective Studies, Rural Population/td [Trends], Sex Distribution, Taiwan/ep [Epidemiology], Time Factors, Traffic/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence, Traffic/pc [Prevention \& Control], Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Trauma Severity Indices, Urban Population/td [Trends]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Powell, John W; Dompier, Thomas P
The role of the helmet in the prevention of traumatic brain injuries Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 3, pp. 20–24, 2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, Occupational/pc [Prevention & Control]
@article{Powell2004,
title = {The role of the helmet in the prevention of traumatic brain injuries},
author = {Powell, John W and Dompier, Thomas P},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {3},
pages = {20--24},
address = {Athletic Training Education, 105 IM Sports Circle, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. powellj4@msu.edu},
abstract = {Today, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) exceed 1 million cases per year. Tens of thousands of people die and hundreds of thousands of people are hospitalized. The health care costs exceed US dollars 50 billion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that people with mild TBIs who are not hospitalized add another US dollars 17 billion to the total dollars spent on care. These high frequencies and costs place a high priority on programs and procedures to minimize the number of injuries and to reduce the severity of those that occur. One of these programs focuses on the protective devices worn by the people that work and play in environments where there is an identified risk of TBI. Because these environments cover a wide variety of activities, the design and effectiveness of these protective devices must be specific to the nature of the activity and the person they are designed to protect. [References: 6]},
keywords = {*Accidents, Occupational/pc [Prevention \& Control]},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}