Cobb, B R; Zadnik, A M; Rowson, S
Comparative analysis of helmeted impact response of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 50–60, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Acceleration, Accident prevention, Angular acceleration, Biomechanics, Brain Injury, Coefficient of variation values, Comparative analysis, Concussion, Equipment, Evaluation protocol, helmet testing, Linear acceleration, Linear accelerations, Rotational acceleration, Safety devices, Sporting goods, standards
@article{Cobb2016,
title = {Comparative analysis of helmeted impact response of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms},
author = {Cobb, B R and Zadnik, A M and Rowson, S},
doi = {10.1177/1754337115599133},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {230},
number = {1},
pages = {50--60},
abstract = {As advanced helmet testing methodologies are developed, the effect headform selection may have on the biomechanical impact response must be considered. This study sought to assess response differences between two of the most commonly used headforms, the Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms, through a series of helmeted impact tests. A total of 180 pendulum impact tests were conducted with three impactor velocities and six impact locations. Test condition-specific significant differences were found between the two headforms for peak linear and angular accelerations ($alpha$ = 0.05), although differences tended to be small. On average, the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headform experienced higher peak linear (3.7 ± 7.8%) and angular (12.0 ± 21.6%) accelerations, with some of the largest differences associated with impacts to the facemask. Without the facemask impacts, the average differences in linear (1.8 ± 6.0%) and angular (9.6 ± 15.9%) acceleration would be lower. No significant differences were found in coefficient of variation values for linear (Hybrid III: 2.6 ± 2.3%, National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment: 2.0 ± 1.4%) or angular (Hybrid III: 4.9 ± 4.0%; National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment: 5.2 ± 5.8%) acceleration. These data have application toward development and validation of future helmet evaluation protocols and standards. © IMechE 2015.},
keywords = {Acceleration, Accident prevention, Angular acceleration, Biomechanics, Brain Injury, Coefficient of variation values, Comparative analysis, Concussion, Equipment, Evaluation protocol, helmet testing, Linear acceleration, Linear accelerations, Rotational acceleration, Safety devices, Sporting goods, standards},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Woodacre, T; Waydia, S E; Wienand-Barnett, S
Aetiology of injuries and the need for protective equipment for surfers in the UK Journal Article
In: Injury, vol. 46, pp. 162–165, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Woodacre2015,
title = {Aetiology of injuries and the need for protective equipment for surfers in the UK},
author = {Woodacre, T and Waydia, S E and Wienand-Barnett, S},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Injury},
volume = {46},
pages = {162--165},
address = {Woodacre,Timothy. Trauma \& Orthopaedics, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LJ, England, United Kingdom. Electronic address: timwoodacre@yahoo.co.uk. Waydia,Shree Eesh. Trauma \& Orthopaedics, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LJ, En},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Surfing is a popular UK water-sport. Previous studies investigating surfing injuries have been principally based on trauma from large waves and reef breaks in the US and Australia. Subsequent conclusions and recommendations for the use of protective equipment in surfing may therefore not be relevant in the UK. AIMS: This study examines the aetiology of surfing injuries in the UK. METHODS: Data was collected in 2012 using a web-based survey distributed to UK surfing clubs. Surfers recorded time/experience as a surfer, number of episodes spent surfing per month, different breaks surfed and type, frequency and method of any injuries sustained whilst surfing in the UK, including treatment received. RESULTS: Completed surveys were obtained from 130 individuals, M:F division 85:45, median age 28 (range 17-65). 122 surfers reported a total of 335 injuries. Head injuries were the most common (24%) followed by ankle (19%), knee (13%), back (10%), hand/wrist (9%), elbow/shoulder (7%), trunk (7%), neck (4%), hip (4%) and genitalia (3%) injuries. Surfers collided most often with their own boards (31%). The other collisions were with rocks/coral (15%), the sea (11%), other surf boards (10%) the sea bed (7%), other water vessels (2%) and by paddle-boards (1%). Of 327 injuries, cuts/lacerations (31%) were the commonest type of injury, followed by bruises/peri-orbital ecchymoses (24%), joint/ligament sprains (15%), muscle or tendon tears/ruptures (9%), concussion (5%), fractures (3%) and teeth injuries (1%). The remaining 8 injuries were not categorized. 65% of the surfers never required professional medical treatment for their differing injuries. There were no skull fractures and no head injuries required neurosurgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Surfing injuries in the UK are common. They appear of a similar aetiology to those reported in the literature in countries with a high surfing population, but generally of a lower severity, with few requiring professional treatment, hospital admission or operative intervention. Concussion appears rare and in this study there were no head injuries that required neurosurgical intervention. Surfing helmets aim to prevent such serious head injuries; whilst they should be considered for injury prevention their routine use is unlikely to be warranted whilst surfing in the UK.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zuckerman, S L; Lee, Y M; Odom, M J; Forbes, J A; Solomon, G S; Sills, A K
Sports-Related Concussion in Helmeted vs. Unhelmeted Athletes: Who Fares Worse? Journal Article
In: International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 36, pp. 419–425, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Zuckerman2015a,
title = {Sports-Related Concussion in Helmeted vs. Unhelmeted Athletes: Who Fares Worse?},
author = {Zuckerman, S L and Lee, Y M and Odom, M J and Forbes, J A and Solomon, G S and Sills, A K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {36},
pages = {419--425},
address = {Zuckerman,S L. Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States. Lee,Y M. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States. Odom,M J. Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University M},
abstract = {In the management of sports-related concussion, little is known about the effect of wearing or not wearing a helmet (i.e., helmet status) on the acute outcomes of concussed athletes. We endeavored to assess acute neurocognitive and symptom changes after SRC in helmeted vs. unhelmeted athletes. In a retrospective study, 1025 athletes from 2 regional databases sustained a SRC. Athletes were matched by age, gender, number of prior concussions, and days to post-concussion test, yielding a final cohort of 138 athletes. For each group of 69, differences in post-concussion neurocognitive and symptom scores were compared using group mean differences as well as reliable change index (RCI) scores set at the 80% confidence interval. With gender, prior concussions, and days to post-concussion test similar in each group, using group mean change scores and RCI methodology, we found no significant differences between the helmeted and unhelmeted groups in 4 neurocognitive tests and one total symptom score. In a cohort of carefully matched athletes from 2 regional concussion centers, helmet status was unrelated to neurocognitive scores and total symptoms in athletes after suffering a SRC. These findings suggest that acute outcomes in helmeted vs. unhelmeted sports are quite similar.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Nakatsuka, A S; Yamamoto, L G
External foam layers to football helmets reduce head impact severity Journal Article
In: Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, vol. 73, pp. 256–261, 2014.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Nakatsuka2014,
title = {External foam layers to football helmets reduce head impact severity},
author = {Nakatsuka, A S and Yamamoto, L G},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Hawai'i Journal of Medicine \& Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine \& Public Health},
volume = {73},
pages = {256--261},
address = {Nakatsuka,Austin S. Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI; and Emergency Department, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women \& Children, Honolulu, HI. Yamamoto,Loren G. Department of Pediatrics, Univers},
abstract = {Current American football helmet design has a rigid exterior with a padded interior. Softening the hard external layer of the helmet may reduce the impact potential of the helmet, providing extra head protection and reducing its use as an offensive device. The objective of this study is to measure the impact reduction potential provided by external foam. We obtained a football helmet with built-in accelerometer-based sensors, placed it on a boxing mannequin and struck it with a weighted swinging pendulum helmet to mimic the forces sustained during a helmet-to-helmet strike. We then applied layers of 1.3 cm thick polyolefin foam to the exterior surface of the helmets and repeated the process. All impact severity measures were significantly reduced with the application of the external foam. These results support the hypothesis that adding a soft exterior layer reduces the force of impact which may be applicable to the football field. Redesigning football helmets could reduce the injury potential of the sport.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mascarenhas, Ana Karina
Mouthguards reduce orofacial injury during sport activities, but may not reduce concussion Journal Article
In: Journal of Evidencebased Dental Practice, vol. 12, pp. 90–91, 2012.
@article{Mascarenhas2012,
title = {Mouthguards reduce orofacial injury during sport activities, but may not reduce concussion},
author = {Mascarenhas, Ana Karina},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Evidencebased Dental Practice},
volume = {12},
pages = {90--91},
address = {Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA. AnaKarina.Mascarenhas@nova.edu},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Duhaime, A C
Response Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1090–1091, 2012, ISBN: 0022-3085 1933-0693.
BibTeX | Tags: Accident prevention, Assessment & Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness
@article{Duhaime2012,
title = {Response},
author = {Duhaime, A C},
isbn = {0022-3085
1933-0693},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery},
volume = {117},
number = {6},
pages = {1090--1091},
keywords = {Accident prevention, Assessment \& Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rowson, Steven; Duma, Stefan M
Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion Journal Article
In: Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 39, pp. 2130–2140, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Rowson2011a,
title = {Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion},
author = {Rowson, Steven and Duma, Stefan M},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Annals of Biomedical Engineering},
volume = {39},
pages = {2130--2140},
address = {Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. srowson@vt.edu},
abstract = {In contrast to the publicly available data on the safety of automobiles, consumers have no analytical mechanism to evaluate the protective performance of football helmets. The objective of this article is to fill this void by introducing a new equation that can be used to evaluate helmet performance by integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion. The Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) equation relates on-field impact exposure to a series of 24 drop tests performed at four impact locations and six impact energy levels. Using 62,974 head acceleration data points collected from football players, the number of impacts experienced for one full season was translated to 24 drop test configurations. A new injury risk function was developed from 32 measured concussions and associated exposure data to assess risk of concussion for each impact. Finally, the data from all 24 drop tests is combined into one number using the STAR formula that incorporates the predicted exposure and injury risk for one player for one full season of practices and games. The new STAR evaluation equation will provide consumers with a meaningful metric to assess the relative performance of football helmets.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fleming, P
Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 225, pp. 43–63, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Fleming2011,
title = {Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs},
author = {Fleming, P},
doi = {10.1177/1754337111401688},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {225},
pages = {43--63},
abstract = {Artificial sport surfaces, for team outdoor sports, are growing in number in many sports including soccer (association football), rugby, hockey, and football (American and Australian). The science of their behaviour has, it is argued, been under-researched in comparison to the development of artificial turf products and also the development of many of the sports with respect to athleticism and advances in equipment such as footwear. This paper reviews artificial turf design requirements and behavioural aspects to develop the science, and draws from a range of up-to-date literature to identify the key principles of behaviour and gaps in knowledge. The relationship between the material types used in the substrate support and surface system (comprising some form of shockpad and turf, the turf infilled or unfilled) behaviour is demonstrated in regard to the key performance factors of player\textendashsurface interaction \textendash for both impact and traction. The data demonstrate the relatively complex behaviour of surface systems, and highlight the pitfalls of current simple mechanical tests in relation to human loading. Degradation and the role of maintenance to sustain long-term performance are issues also highlighted and discussed. Surface safety is discussed through a short review of studies related to injury risk, albeit most were associated with the contrast between natural turf and artificial turf; however, there is clearly more research required in injury surveillance to include aspects of objective surface measurement. This paper additionally provides the reader with a state-of-the-knowledge review of where current thinking is now, and where future research is considered to be of merit, in developing sport surface science.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Navarro, Rodolfo R
Protective equipment and the prevention of concussion - what is the evidence? Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 27–31, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Navarro2011,
title = {Protective equipment and the prevention of concussion - what is the evidence?},
author = {Navarro, Rodolfo R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {27--31},
address = {Department of Family \& Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. navarror2@uthscsa.edu},
abstract = {The complex nature of the evaluation and management of concussion lends to controversy, and the immediate and long-term implications still are being investigated. Various types of protective equipment have been used as a means to prevent concussions, and protective equipment is being used more frequently in different sports. Recent investigations have suggested that a protective, but not preventive, effect may be afforded by mouthguard use in rugby players, headgear use in soccer players, and customized mandibular orthotic use in football players. The use of faceshields has not shown a proven benefit in preventing the incidence of sport-related concussion in ice hockey or field hockey participants. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of protective equipment in the prevention of sport-related concussion.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wright, Justin M; Webner, David
Playing field issues in sports medicine Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 9, pp. 129–133, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Wright2010,
title = {Playing field issues in sports medicine},
author = {Wright, Justin M and Webner, David},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {9},
pages = {129--133},
address = {Crozer-Keystone Health System, Springfield, PA 19064, USA. jmwright76@gmail.com},
abstract = {The use of artificial turf on playing fields has increased in popularity. Advances in technology have allowed for the development of turf that closely mimics the properties of natural grass. Overall injury incidence does not differ between the two surfaces, but unique injury patterns are apparent between the two surfaces. Differences in shoe-surface interface, in-shoe foot loading patterns, and impact attenuation may provide insight into the different injury patterns. Player perceptions of artificial turf vary and may be related to different physiological demands between the two surfaces. Artificial turf has been implicated in skin infections, but concerns about other health consequences related to the synthetic materials have not been proven yet. Understanding the differences between artificial turf and natural grass will help physicians, athletic trainers, and coaches better care for and train their athletes.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rye, Leslie A
Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 23, pp. 262, 2007, ISSN: 1600-9657.
@article{Rye2007,
title = {Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion},
author = {Rye, Leslie A},
issn = {1600-9657},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {23},
pages = {262},
address = {President Academy of Sports Dentistry, Reston, VA, USA},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mihalik, Jason P; McCaffrey, Meghan A; Rivera, Eric M; Pardini, Jamie E; Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Collins, Michael W; Lovell, Mark R
Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 23, pp. 14–20, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Mihalik2007,
title = {Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion},
author = {Mihalik, Jason P and McCaffrey, Meghan A and Rivera, Eric M and Pardini, Jamie E and Guskiewicz, Kevin M and Collins, Michael W and Lovell, Mark R},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {23},
pages = {14--20},
address = {Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. jasonm@unc.edu},
abstract = {Although it is widely accepted that mouthguards decrease the incidence of dental injuries, there is a controversy among sports medicine professionals as to the effectiveness of mouthguards in decreasing the incidence or severity of sports-related cerebral concussion (SRCC). While some experimental data suggest that this may be the case, there exist a number of reports suggesting that mouthguards do not serve this purpose. These conclusions have been drawn, however, without actually measuring the extent of neurocognitive dysfunction in athletes following sports-related concussion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mouthguard use reduces the neurocognitive and symptomatic impairments that follow an injurious episode of SRCC. Preseason baseline data were collected as part of an ongoing clinical program that uses a computerized neurocognitive test to assess various faculties of brain function and symptoms reported at the time of testing. Follow-up testing from 180 student-athletes who had sustained an SRCC was analyzed for the purpose of this study. These athletes were separated into one of two groups: those who reported using mouthguards and those who did not. Neurocognitive testing was accomplished using the Immediate Post-Concussion and Assessment Test (ImPACT). Results suggest that neurocognitive deficits at the time of the athletes' first follow-up assessment did not differ between mouthguard users and non-users, suggesting that mouthguard use does little to reduce the severity of neurocognitive dysfunction and onset of symptoms following sports-related head trauma. However, an interesting finding in this study was that athletes experienced significantly lower neurocognitive test scores and reported higher symptom scores following SRCC regardless of mouthguard use. This emphasizes a thorough clinical evaluation of athletes that have sustained an SRCC. Although it was found in this study that mouthguard use does not decrease the severity of concussion, it is important to note that the use of mouthguards is paramount in reducing maxillofacial and dental trauma and their use should continue to be mandated by athletic associations and supported by all dental and sports medicine professionals.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vastardis, Peter D
Athletic mouthguards: indications, types, and benefits Journal Article
In: Dentistry Today, vol. 24, pp. 52–5; quiz 55, 2005.
@article{Vastardis2005,
title = {Athletic mouthguards: indications, types, and benefits},
author = {Vastardis, Peter D},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Dentistry Today},
volume = {24},
pages = {52--5; quiz 55},
address = {International Academy for Sports Dentistry, USA. peter@gardencitydentistry.com},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hagel, Brent E; Pless, I Barry; Goulet, Claude; Platt, Robert W; Robitaille, Yvonne
Effectiveness of helmets in skiers and snowboarders: case-control and case crossover study.[Erratum appears in BMJ. 2005 Feb 12;330(7487):345] Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 330, pp. 281, 2005.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Hagel2005,
title = {Effectiveness of helmets in skiers and snowboarders: case-control and case crossover study.[Erratum appears in BMJ. 2005 Feb 12;330(7487):345]},
author = {Hagel, Brent E and Pless, I Barry and Goulet, Claude and Platt, Robert W and Robitaille, Yvonne},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {330},
pages = {281},
address = {Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 4075 RTF, 8308-114 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1. brent.hagel@ualberta.ca},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of helmets on the risk of head and neck injuries in skiers and snowboarders. DESIGN: Matched case-control and case crossover study. SETTING: 19 ski areas in Quebec, Canada, November 2001 to April 2002. PARTICIPANTS: 1082 skiers and snowboarders (cases) with head and neck injuries reported by the ski patrol and 3295 skiers and snowboarders (controls) with non-head or non-neck injuries matched to cases at each hill. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimates of matched odds ratios for the effect of helmet use on the risk of any head or neck injury and for people requiring evacuation by ambulance. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio for helmet use in participants with any head injury was 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.92), indicating a 29% reduction in the risk of head injury. For participants who required evacuation by ambulance for head injuries, the adjusted odds ratio for helmet use was 0.44 (0.24 to 0.81). Similar results occurred with the case crossover design (odds ratio 0.43, 0.09 to 1.83). The adjusted odds ratio for helmet use for participants with any neck injury was 0.62 (0.33 to 1.19) and for participants who required evacuation by ambulance for neck injuries it was 1.29 (0.41 to 4.04). CONCLUSIONS: Helmets protect skiers and snowboarders against head injuries. We cannot rule out the possibility of an increased risk of neck injury with helmet use, but the estimates on which this assumption is based are imprecise.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hoshizaki, T Blaine; Brien, Susan E
The science and design of head protection in sport Journal Article
In: Neurosurgery, vol. 55, pp. 956–967, 2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Hoshizaki2004,
title = {The science and design of head protection in sport},
author = {Hoshizaki, T Blaine and Brien, Susan E},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Neurosurgery},
volume = {55},
pages = {956--967},
abstract = {WE REVIEW THE relationship between science, testing standards, and helmet design to provide an understanding of how helmets protect the brain. Research describing the mechanisms of injury, resulting types of brain injuries, and characteristics of helmet protection are reviewed. The article is designed to describe the state of the relationship between science and helmet performance.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bailes, J E; Maroon, J C; Kaye, A H; Cantu, R C
The science and design of head protection in sport - Comments Journal Article
In: Neurosurgery, vol. 55, pp. 966–967, 2004, ISSN: 0148-396X.
@article{Bailes2004b,
title = {The science and design of head protection in sport - Comments},
author = {Bailes, J E and Maroon, J C and Kaye, A H and Cantu, R C},
issn = {0148-396X},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Neurosurgery},
volume = {55},
pages = {966--967},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ferrari, Carlos Henrique; Ferreria de Mederios, Joao Marcelo
Dental trauma and level of information: mouthguard use in different contact sports Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 18, pp. 144–147, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Ferrari2002,
title = {Dental trauma and level of information: mouthguard use in different contact sports},
author = {Ferrari, Carlos Henrique and {Ferreria de Mederios}, Joao Marcelo},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {18},
pages = {144--147},
address = {Department of Dentistry, Biology and Health Center, Sao Francisco University, Braganca Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
abstract = {The objective of the present work was to study the occurrence of dental trauma in different sports, as well as to check if athletes used mouthguard during sport activities, and knew the significance of its utilization. The professional and semi-professional athletes who practised contact sports were interviewed, and were analyzed to determine the occurrence of dental trauma during sport practice, as well as if the athletes used a mouthguard and knew its indication. Results showed a high rate of dental trauma in athletes compared to the general population. The majority of athletes also demonstrated little utilization of mouthguard, in spite of the information about usage during sports practices and a general knowledge of its uses.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Putukian, M; Prout, B K; Roberts, W O
A custom face mask for sports Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 28, pp. 128–130, 2000, ISSN: 0091-3847.
@article{Putukian2000,
title = {A custom face mask for sports},
author = {Putukian, M and Prout, B K and Roberts, W O},
issn = {0091-3847},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {28},
pages = {128--130},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Barth, J T; Freeman, J R; Winters, J E
Management of sports-related concussions Journal Article
In: Dental Clinics of North America, vol. 44, pp. 67–83, 2000.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Barth2000,
title = {Management of sports-related concussions},
author = {Barth, J T and Freeman, J R and Winters, J E},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Dental Clinics of North America},
volume = {44},
pages = {67--83},
address = {Department of Medical Psychology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, USA.},
abstract = {Mild head injury is a frequent occurrence in a multitude of athletic endeavors across all levels of play. Clinicians should carefully consider all interventions at their disposal to reduce the prevalence and severity of injury to protect those involved. The exploration and evaluation of using properly fitted mouthguards to provide effective, albeit limited, defense against brain injury merits attention. The minimal costs of such an intervention when properly applied would no doubt reap numerous benefits in terms of reducing the medical, financial, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of mild head injury. The cosmetic salvation would be no small side effect to efficacious, properly fitted mouthguard use. [References: 63]},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, W O
Helmet removal in head and neck trauma Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 26, pp. 77–78, 1998.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Roberts1998,
title = {Helmet removal in head and neck trauma},
author = {Roberts, W O},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {26},
pages = {77--78},
address = {MinnHealth SportsCare, White Bear Lake, MN, USA.},
abstract = {When an ice hockey player hits the boards head-first after a hard body check or a football defensive back doesn't get up after a head-on tackle, the initial response is critical. If the player is unconscious or not breathing, it may be necessary to remove his or her helmet to access the airway. Helmet removal requires a careful, methodical approach to avoid compounding a suspected injury to the spinal cord.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Stokes, Alastair N S; Croft, Grant C; Gee, Derrick
Comparison of laboratory and intraorally formed mouth protectors Journal Article
In: Endodontics & Dental Traumatology, vol. 3, pp. 255–258, 1987, ISSN: 1600-9657.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Stokes1987,
title = {Comparison of laboratory and intraorally formed mouth protectors},
author = {Stokes, Alastair N S and Croft, Grant C and Gee, Derrick},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-9657.1987.tb00633.x},
issn = {1600-9657},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
journal = {Endodontics \& Dental Traumatology},
volume = {3},
pages = {255--258},
address = {University of Otago School of Dentistry, Dunedin, New Zealand},
abstract = {An ethylene vinyl acetate rim was intraorally adapted (I), and another was vacuum-formed on a stone cast (L). One type of mouth protector was worn for 8 weeks and then exchanged for the other. Subjects were not aware which type they had. At the end of the period a questionnaire was administered. There were 48 valid returns. Male/female ratio was 36/12, mean age 19 1/2 years. Most played rugby football (31) and hockey (15). Half the group wore their mouth protectors for competition only and half for all risk occasions. No tooth injuries occurred, but minor face and gingival lacerations 18, L6, and concussion L4 were reported. Comfort and fit were rated good 126,L34; reasonable I17, L10; poor 15,L4. Durability was rated good 140, L39; worn 14, L7; lost 13, LI. Preferences were I14, L23, no preference 10. Subjects were charged a fee to cover the cost of the I mouth protector. Twenty-four would pay a higher fee to get their preferred type, 16 would not. Both mouth protector types prevented dental injury, but the L type fitted better and was more comfortable. There may be a cost barrier to the use of the L type.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chapman, P J
The bimaxillary mouthguard: a preliminary report of use in contact sports Journal Article
In: Australian Dental Journal, vol. 31, pp. 200–206, 1986, ISSN: 1834-7819.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Chapman1986,
title = {The bimaxillary mouthguard: a preliminary report of use in contact sports},
author = {Chapman, P J},
issn = {1834-7819},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Australian Dental Journal},
volume = {31},
pages = {200--206},
address = {Consultant OralMaxillofacial Surgeon; Football Club Medical Officer; Lecturer in Oral Surgery, University of Queensland},
abstract = {The bimaxillary mouthguard provides a new concept in the prevention of orofacial and concussional sporting injuries. Its use is generally recommended for participants in the various contact sports, especially by those at increased risk of sustaining such injuries. This mouthguard was developed by the author and has been successfully used for more than three years. The results of a questionnaire study of 30 sportsmen who had been fitted with a bimaxillary mouthguard is presented together with details of fabrication. The acceptance rate was found to be very high (97 per cent), no orofacial injuries were sustained whilst the mouthguard was being worn, and none of the wearers would consider reverting to a standard custom mouthguard.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fricker, J P
Mouthguards Journal Article
In: Australian Journal of Sports Medicine & Exercise Sciences, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 22–23, 1983.
BibTeX | Tags: *Mouth Protectors, *TEETH, *WOUNDS & injuries, Equipment, SURVEYS
@article{Fricker1983,
title = {Mouthguards},
author = {Fricker, J P},
year = {1983},
date = {1983-01-01},
journal = {Australian Journal of Sports Medicine \& Exercise Sciences},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {22--23},
keywords = {*Mouth Protectors, *TEETH, *WOUNDS \& injuries, Equipment, SURVEYS},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cobb, B R; Zadnik, A M; Rowson, S
Comparative analysis of helmeted impact response of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 50–60, 2016.
@article{Cobb2016,
title = {Comparative analysis of helmeted impact response of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms},
author = {Cobb, B R and Zadnik, A M and Rowson, S},
doi = {10.1177/1754337115599133},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {230},
number = {1},
pages = {50--60},
abstract = {As advanced helmet testing methodologies are developed, the effect headform selection may have on the biomechanical impact response must be considered. This study sought to assess response differences between two of the most commonly used headforms, the Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms, through a series of helmeted impact tests. A total of 180 pendulum impact tests were conducted with three impactor velocities and six impact locations. Test condition-specific significant differences were found between the two headforms for peak linear and angular accelerations ($alpha$ = 0.05), although differences tended to be small. On average, the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headform experienced higher peak linear (3.7 ± 7.8%) and angular (12.0 ± 21.6%) accelerations, with some of the largest differences associated with impacts to the facemask. Without the facemask impacts, the average differences in linear (1.8 ± 6.0%) and angular (9.6 ± 15.9%) acceleration would be lower. No significant differences were found in coefficient of variation values for linear (Hybrid III: 2.6 ± 2.3%, National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment: 2.0 ± 1.4%) or angular (Hybrid III: 4.9 ± 4.0%; National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment: 5.2 ± 5.8%) acceleration. These data have application toward development and validation of future helmet evaluation protocols and standards. © IMechE 2015.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Woodacre, T; Waydia, S E; Wienand-Barnett, S
Aetiology of injuries and the need for protective equipment for surfers in the UK Journal Article
In: Injury, vol. 46, pp. 162–165, 2015.
@article{Woodacre2015,
title = {Aetiology of injuries and the need for protective equipment for surfers in the UK},
author = {Woodacre, T and Waydia, S E and Wienand-Barnett, S},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Injury},
volume = {46},
pages = {162--165},
address = {Woodacre,Timothy. Trauma \& Orthopaedics, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LJ, England, United Kingdom. Electronic address: timwoodacre@yahoo.co.uk. Waydia,Shree Eesh. Trauma \& Orthopaedics, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LJ, En},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Surfing is a popular UK water-sport. Previous studies investigating surfing injuries have been principally based on trauma from large waves and reef breaks in the US and Australia. Subsequent conclusions and recommendations for the use of protective equipment in surfing may therefore not be relevant in the UK. AIMS: This study examines the aetiology of surfing injuries in the UK. METHODS: Data was collected in 2012 using a web-based survey distributed to UK surfing clubs. Surfers recorded time/experience as a surfer, number of episodes spent surfing per month, different breaks surfed and type, frequency and method of any injuries sustained whilst surfing in the UK, including treatment received. RESULTS: Completed surveys were obtained from 130 individuals, M:F division 85:45, median age 28 (range 17-65). 122 surfers reported a total of 335 injuries. Head injuries were the most common (24%) followed by ankle (19%), knee (13%), back (10%), hand/wrist (9%), elbow/shoulder (7%), trunk (7%), neck (4%), hip (4%) and genitalia (3%) injuries. Surfers collided most often with their own boards (31%). The other collisions were with rocks/coral (15%), the sea (11%), other surf boards (10%) the sea bed (7%), other water vessels (2%) and by paddle-boards (1%). Of 327 injuries, cuts/lacerations (31%) were the commonest type of injury, followed by bruises/peri-orbital ecchymoses (24%), joint/ligament sprains (15%), muscle or tendon tears/ruptures (9%), concussion (5%), fractures (3%) and teeth injuries (1%). The remaining 8 injuries were not categorized. 65% of the surfers never required professional medical treatment for their differing injuries. There were no skull fractures and no head injuries required neurosurgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Surfing injuries in the UK are common. They appear of a similar aetiology to those reported in the literature in countries with a high surfing population, but generally of a lower severity, with few requiring professional treatment, hospital admission or operative intervention. Concussion appears rare and in this study there were no head injuries that required neurosurgical intervention. Surfing helmets aim to prevent such serious head injuries; whilst they should be considered for injury prevention their routine use is unlikely to be warranted whilst surfing in the UK.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zuckerman, S L; Lee, Y M; Odom, M J; Forbes, J A; Solomon, G S; Sills, A K
Sports-Related Concussion in Helmeted vs. Unhelmeted Athletes: Who Fares Worse? Journal Article
In: International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 36, pp. 419–425, 2015.
@article{Zuckerman2015a,
title = {Sports-Related Concussion in Helmeted vs. Unhelmeted Athletes: Who Fares Worse?},
author = {Zuckerman, S L and Lee, Y M and Odom, M J and Forbes, J A and Solomon, G S and Sills, A K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {36},
pages = {419--425},
address = {Zuckerman,S L. Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States. Lee,Y M. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States. Odom,M J. Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University M},
abstract = {In the management of sports-related concussion, little is known about the effect of wearing or not wearing a helmet (i.e., helmet status) on the acute outcomes of concussed athletes. We endeavored to assess acute neurocognitive and symptom changes after SRC in helmeted vs. unhelmeted athletes. In a retrospective study, 1025 athletes from 2 regional databases sustained a SRC. Athletes were matched by age, gender, number of prior concussions, and days to post-concussion test, yielding a final cohort of 138 athletes. For each group of 69, differences in post-concussion neurocognitive and symptom scores were compared using group mean differences as well as reliable change index (RCI) scores set at the 80% confidence interval. With gender, prior concussions, and days to post-concussion test similar in each group, using group mean change scores and RCI methodology, we found no significant differences between the helmeted and unhelmeted groups in 4 neurocognitive tests and one total symptom score. In a cohort of carefully matched athletes from 2 regional concussion centers, helmet status was unrelated to neurocognitive scores and total symptoms in athletes after suffering a SRC. These findings suggest that acute outcomes in helmeted vs. unhelmeted sports are quite similar.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Nakatsuka, A S; Yamamoto, L G
External foam layers to football helmets reduce head impact severity Journal Article
In: Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, vol. 73, pp. 256–261, 2014.
@article{Nakatsuka2014,
title = {External foam layers to football helmets reduce head impact severity},
author = {Nakatsuka, A S and Yamamoto, L G},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Hawai'i Journal of Medicine \& Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine \& Public Health},
volume = {73},
pages = {256--261},
address = {Nakatsuka,Austin S. Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI; and Emergency Department, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women \& Children, Honolulu, HI. Yamamoto,Loren G. Department of Pediatrics, Univers},
abstract = {Current American football helmet design has a rigid exterior with a padded interior. Softening the hard external layer of the helmet may reduce the impact potential of the helmet, providing extra head protection and reducing its use as an offensive device. The objective of this study is to measure the impact reduction potential provided by external foam. We obtained a football helmet with built-in accelerometer-based sensors, placed it on a boxing mannequin and struck it with a weighted swinging pendulum helmet to mimic the forces sustained during a helmet-to-helmet strike. We then applied layers of 1.3 cm thick polyolefin foam to the exterior surface of the helmets and repeated the process. All impact severity measures were significantly reduced with the application of the external foam. These results support the hypothesis that adding a soft exterior layer reduces the force of impact which may be applicable to the football field. Redesigning football helmets could reduce the injury potential of the sport.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mascarenhas, Ana Karina
Mouthguards reduce orofacial injury during sport activities, but may not reduce concussion Journal Article
In: Journal of Evidencebased Dental Practice, vol. 12, pp. 90–91, 2012.
@article{Mascarenhas2012,
title = {Mouthguards reduce orofacial injury during sport activities, but may not reduce concussion},
author = {Mascarenhas, Ana Karina},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Evidencebased Dental Practice},
volume = {12},
pages = {90--91},
address = {Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA. AnaKarina.Mascarenhas@nova.edu},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Duhaime, A C
Response Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1090–1091, 2012, ISBN: 0022-3085 1933-0693.
@article{Duhaime2012,
title = {Response},
author = {Duhaime, A C},
isbn = {0022-3085
1933-0693},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery},
volume = {117},
number = {6},
pages = {1090--1091},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rowson, Steven; Duma, Stefan M
Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion Journal Article
In: Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 39, pp. 2130–2140, 2011.
@article{Rowson2011a,
title = {Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion},
author = {Rowson, Steven and Duma, Stefan M},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Annals of Biomedical Engineering},
volume = {39},
pages = {2130--2140},
address = {Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. srowson@vt.edu},
abstract = {In contrast to the publicly available data on the safety of automobiles, consumers have no analytical mechanism to evaluate the protective performance of football helmets. The objective of this article is to fill this void by introducing a new equation that can be used to evaluate helmet performance by integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion. The Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) equation relates on-field impact exposure to a series of 24 drop tests performed at four impact locations and six impact energy levels. Using 62,974 head acceleration data points collected from football players, the number of impacts experienced for one full season was translated to 24 drop test configurations. A new injury risk function was developed from 32 measured concussions and associated exposure data to assess risk of concussion for each impact. Finally, the data from all 24 drop tests is combined into one number using the STAR formula that incorporates the predicted exposure and injury risk for one player for one full season of practices and games. The new STAR evaluation equation will provide consumers with a meaningful metric to assess the relative performance of football helmets.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fleming, P
Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 225, pp. 43–63, 2011.
@article{Fleming2011,
title = {Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs},
author = {Fleming, P},
doi = {10.1177/1754337111401688},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {225},
pages = {43--63},
abstract = {Artificial sport surfaces, for team outdoor sports, are growing in number in many sports including soccer (association football), rugby, hockey, and football (American and Australian). The science of their behaviour has, it is argued, been under-researched in comparison to the development of artificial turf products and also the development of many of the sports with respect to athleticism and advances in equipment such as footwear. This paper reviews artificial turf design requirements and behavioural aspects to develop the science, and draws from a range of up-to-date literature to identify the key principles of behaviour and gaps in knowledge. The relationship between the material types used in the substrate support and surface system (comprising some form of shockpad and turf, the turf infilled or unfilled) behaviour is demonstrated in regard to the key performance factors of player\textendashsurface interaction \textendash for both impact and traction. The data demonstrate the relatively complex behaviour of surface systems, and highlight the pitfalls of current simple mechanical tests in relation to human loading. Degradation and the role of maintenance to sustain long-term performance are issues also highlighted and discussed. Surface safety is discussed through a short review of studies related to injury risk, albeit most were associated with the contrast between natural turf and artificial turf; however, there is clearly more research required in injury surveillance to include aspects of objective surface measurement. This paper additionally provides the reader with a state-of-the-knowledge review of where current thinking is now, and where future research is considered to be of merit, in developing sport surface science.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Navarro, Rodolfo R
Protective equipment and the prevention of concussion - what is the evidence? Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 27–31, 2011.
@article{Navarro2011,
title = {Protective equipment and the prevention of concussion - what is the evidence?},
author = {Navarro, Rodolfo R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {27--31},
address = {Department of Family \& Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. navarror2@uthscsa.edu},
abstract = {The complex nature of the evaluation and management of concussion lends to controversy, and the immediate and long-term implications still are being investigated. Various types of protective equipment have been used as a means to prevent concussions, and protective equipment is being used more frequently in different sports. Recent investigations have suggested that a protective, but not preventive, effect may be afforded by mouthguard use in rugby players, headgear use in soccer players, and customized mandibular orthotic use in football players. The use of faceshields has not shown a proven benefit in preventing the incidence of sport-related concussion in ice hockey or field hockey participants. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of protective equipment in the prevention of sport-related concussion.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wright, Justin M; Webner, David
Playing field issues in sports medicine Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 9, pp. 129–133, 2010.
@article{Wright2010,
title = {Playing field issues in sports medicine},
author = {Wright, Justin M and Webner, David},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {9},
pages = {129--133},
address = {Crozer-Keystone Health System, Springfield, PA 19064, USA. jmwright76@gmail.com},
abstract = {The use of artificial turf on playing fields has increased in popularity. Advances in technology have allowed for the development of turf that closely mimics the properties of natural grass. Overall injury incidence does not differ between the two surfaces, but unique injury patterns are apparent between the two surfaces. Differences in shoe-surface interface, in-shoe foot loading patterns, and impact attenuation may provide insight into the different injury patterns. Player perceptions of artificial turf vary and may be related to different physiological demands between the two surfaces. Artificial turf has been implicated in skin infections, but concerns about other health consequences related to the synthetic materials have not been proven yet. Understanding the differences between artificial turf and natural grass will help physicians, athletic trainers, and coaches better care for and train their athletes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rye, Leslie A
Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 23, pp. 262, 2007, ISSN: 1600-9657.
@article{Rye2007,
title = {Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion},
author = {Rye, Leslie A},
issn = {1600-9657},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {23},
pages = {262},
address = {President Academy of Sports Dentistry, Reston, VA, USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mihalik, Jason P; McCaffrey, Meghan A; Rivera, Eric M; Pardini, Jamie E; Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Collins, Michael W; Lovell, Mark R
Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 23, pp. 14–20, 2007.
@article{Mihalik2007,
title = {Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion},
author = {Mihalik, Jason P and McCaffrey, Meghan A and Rivera, Eric M and Pardini, Jamie E and Guskiewicz, Kevin M and Collins, Michael W and Lovell, Mark R},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {23},
pages = {14--20},
address = {Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. jasonm@unc.edu},
abstract = {Although it is widely accepted that mouthguards decrease the incidence of dental injuries, there is a controversy among sports medicine professionals as to the effectiveness of mouthguards in decreasing the incidence or severity of sports-related cerebral concussion (SRCC). While some experimental data suggest that this may be the case, there exist a number of reports suggesting that mouthguards do not serve this purpose. These conclusions have been drawn, however, without actually measuring the extent of neurocognitive dysfunction in athletes following sports-related concussion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mouthguard use reduces the neurocognitive and symptomatic impairments that follow an injurious episode of SRCC. Preseason baseline data were collected as part of an ongoing clinical program that uses a computerized neurocognitive test to assess various faculties of brain function and symptoms reported at the time of testing. Follow-up testing from 180 student-athletes who had sustained an SRCC was analyzed for the purpose of this study. These athletes were separated into one of two groups: those who reported using mouthguards and those who did not. Neurocognitive testing was accomplished using the Immediate Post-Concussion and Assessment Test (ImPACT). Results suggest that neurocognitive deficits at the time of the athletes' first follow-up assessment did not differ between mouthguard users and non-users, suggesting that mouthguard use does little to reduce the severity of neurocognitive dysfunction and onset of symptoms following sports-related head trauma. However, an interesting finding in this study was that athletes experienced significantly lower neurocognitive test scores and reported higher symptom scores following SRCC regardless of mouthguard use. This emphasizes a thorough clinical evaluation of athletes that have sustained an SRCC. Although it was found in this study that mouthguard use does not decrease the severity of concussion, it is important to note that the use of mouthguards is paramount in reducing maxillofacial and dental trauma and their use should continue to be mandated by athletic associations and supported by all dental and sports medicine professionals.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vastardis, Peter D
Athletic mouthguards: indications, types, and benefits Journal Article
In: Dentistry Today, vol. 24, pp. 52–5; quiz 55, 2005.
@article{Vastardis2005,
title = {Athletic mouthguards: indications, types, and benefits},
author = {Vastardis, Peter D},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Dentistry Today},
volume = {24},
pages = {52--5; quiz 55},
address = {International Academy for Sports Dentistry, USA. peter@gardencitydentistry.com},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hagel, Brent E; Pless, I Barry; Goulet, Claude; Platt, Robert W; Robitaille, Yvonne
Effectiveness of helmets in skiers and snowboarders: case-control and case crossover study.[Erratum appears in BMJ. 2005 Feb 12;330(7487):345] Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 330, pp. 281, 2005.
@article{Hagel2005,
title = {Effectiveness of helmets in skiers and snowboarders: case-control and case crossover study.[Erratum appears in BMJ. 2005 Feb 12;330(7487):345]},
author = {Hagel, Brent E and Pless, I Barry and Goulet, Claude and Platt, Robert W and Robitaille, Yvonne},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {330},
pages = {281},
address = {Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 4075 RTF, 8308-114 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1. brent.hagel@ualberta.ca},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of helmets on the risk of head and neck injuries in skiers and snowboarders. DESIGN: Matched case-control and case crossover study. SETTING: 19 ski areas in Quebec, Canada, November 2001 to April 2002. PARTICIPANTS: 1082 skiers and snowboarders (cases) with head and neck injuries reported by the ski patrol and 3295 skiers and snowboarders (controls) with non-head or non-neck injuries matched to cases at each hill. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimates of matched odds ratios for the effect of helmet use on the risk of any head or neck injury and for people requiring evacuation by ambulance. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio for helmet use in participants with any head injury was 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.92), indicating a 29% reduction in the risk of head injury. For participants who required evacuation by ambulance for head injuries, the adjusted odds ratio for helmet use was 0.44 (0.24 to 0.81). Similar results occurred with the case crossover design (odds ratio 0.43, 0.09 to 1.83). The adjusted odds ratio for helmet use for participants with any neck injury was 0.62 (0.33 to 1.19) and for participants who required evacuation by ambulance for neck injuries it was 1.29 (0.41 to 4.04). CONCLUSIONS: Helmets protect skiers and snowboarders against head injuries. We cannot rule out the possibility of an increased risk of neck injury with helmet use, but the estimates on which this assumption is based are imprecise.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hoshizaki, T Blaine; Brien, Susan E
The science and design of head protection in sport Journal Article
In: Neurosurgery, vol. 55, pp. 956–967, 2004.
@article{Hoshizaki2004,
title = {The science and design of head protection in sport},
author = {Hoshizaki, T Blaine and Brien, Susan E},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Neurosurgery},
volume = {55},
pages = {956--967},
abstract = {WE REVIEW THE relationship between science, testing standards, and helmet design to provide an understanding of how helmets protect the brain. Research describing the mechanisms of injury, resulting types of brain injuries, and characteristics of helmet protection are reviewed. The article is designed to describe the state of the relationship between science and helmet performance.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bailes, J E; Maroon, J C; Kaye, A H; Cantu, R C
The science and design of head protection in sport - Comments Journal Article
In: Neurosurgery, vol. 55, pp. 966–967, 2004, ISSN: 0148-396X.
@article{Bailes2004b,
title = {The science and design of head protection in sport - Comments},
author = {Bailes, J E and Maroon, J C and Kaye, A H and Cantu, R C},
issn = {0148-396X},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Neurosurgery},
volume = {55},
pages = {966--967},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ferrari, Carlos Henrique; Ferreria de Mederios, Joao Marcelo
Dental trauma and level of information: mouthguard use in different contact sports Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 18, pp. 144–147, 2002.
@article{Ferrari2002,
title = {Dental trauma and level of information: mouthguard use in different contact sports},
author = {Ferrari, Carlos Henrique and {Ferreria de Mederios}, Joao Marcelo},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {18},
pages = {144--147},
address = {Department of Dentistry, Biology and Health Center, Sao Francisco University, Braganca Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
abstract = {The objective of the present work was to study the occurrence of dental trauma in different sports, as well as to check if athletes used mouthguard during sport activities, and knew the significance of its utilization. The professional and semi-professional athletes who practised contact sports were interviewed, and were analyzed to determine the occurrence of dental trauma during sport practice, as well as if the athletes used a mouthguard and knew its indication. Results showed a high rate of dental trauma in athletes compared to the general population. The majority of athletes also demonstrated little utilization of mouthguard, in spite of the information about usage during sports practices and a general knowledge of its uses.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Putukian, M; Prout, B K; Roberts, W O
A custom face mask for sports Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 28, pp. 128–130, 2000, ISSN: 0091-3847.
@article{Putukian2000,
title = {A custom face mask for sports},
author = {Putukian, M and Prout, B K and Roberts, W O},
issn = {0091-3847},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {28},
pages = {128--130},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Barth, J T; Freeman, J R; Winters, J E
Management of sports-related concussions Journal Article
In: Dental Clinics of North America, vol. 44, pp. 67–83, 2000.
@article{Barth2000,
title = {Management of sports-related concussions},
author = {Barth, J T and Freeman, J R and Winters, J E},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Dental Clinics of North America},
volume = {44},
pages = {67--83},
address = {Department of Medical Psychology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, USA.},
abstract = {Mild head injury is a frequent occurrence in a multitude of athletic endeavors across all levels of play. Clinicians should carefully consider all interventions at their disposal to reduce the prevalence and severity of injury to protect those involved. The exploration and evaluation of using properly fitted mouthguards to provide effective, albeit limited, defense against brain injury merits attention. The minimal costs of such an intervention when properly applied would no doubt reap numerous benefits in terms of reducing the medical, financial, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of mild head injury. The cosmetic salvation would be no small side effect to efficacious, properly fitted mouthguard use. [References: 63]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, W O
Helmet removal in head and neck trauma Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 26, pp. 77–78, 1998.
@article{Roberts1998,
title = {Helmet removal in head and neck trauma},
author = {Roberts, W O},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {26},
pages = {77--78},
address = {MinnHealth SportsCare, White Bear Lake, MN, USA.},
abstract = {When an ice hockey player hits the boards head-first after a hard body check or a football defensive back doesn't get up after a head-on tackle, the initial response is critical. If the player is unconscious or not breathing, it may be necessary to remove his or her helmet to access the airway. Helmet removal requires a careful, methodical approach to avoid compounding a suspected injury to the spinal cord.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cobb, B R; Zadnik, A M; Rowson, S
Comparative analysis of helmeted impact response of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 50–60, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Acceleration, Accident prevention, Angular acceleration, Biomechanics, Brain Injury, Coefficient of variation values, Comparative analysis, Concussion, Equipment, Evaluation protocol, helmet testing, Linear acceleration, Linear accelerations, Rotational acceleration, Safety devices, Sporting goods, standards
@article{Cobb2016,
title = {Comparative analysis of helmeted impact response of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms},
author = {Cobb, B R and Zadnik, A M and Rowson, S},
doi = {10.1177/1754337115599133},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {230},
number = {1},
pages = {50--60},
abstract = {As advanced helmet testing methodologies are developed, the effect headform selection may have on the biomechanical impact response must be considered. This study sought to assess response differences between two of the most commonly used headforms, the Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms, through a series of helmeted impact tests. A total of 180 pendulum impact tests were conducted with three impactor velocities and six impact locations. Test condition-specific significant differences were found between the two headforms for peak linear and angular accelerations ($alpha$ = 0.05), although differences tended to be small. On average, the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headform experienced higher peak linear (3.7 ± 7.8%) and angular (12.0 ± 21.6%) accelerations, with some of the largest differences associated with impacts to the facemask. Without the facemask impacts, the average differences in linear (1.8 ± 6.0%) and angular (9.6 ± 15.9%) acceleration would be lower. No significant differences were found in coefficient of variation values for linear (Hybrid III: 2.6 ± 2.3%, National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment: 2.0 ± 1.4%) or angular (Hybrid III: 4.9 ± 4.0%; National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment: 5.2 ± 5.8%) acceleration. These data have application toward development and validation of future helmet evaluation protocols and standards. © IMechE 2015.},
keywords = {Acceleration, Accident prevention, Angular acceleration, Biomechanics, Brain Injury, Coefficient of variation values, Comparative analysis, Concussion, Equipment, Evaluation protocol, helmet testing, Linear acceleration, Linear accelerations, Rotational acceleration, Safety devices, Sporting goods, standards},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Woodacre, T; Waydia, S E; Wienand-Barnett, S
Aetiology of injuries and the need for protective equipment for surfers in the UK Journal Article
In: Injury, vol. 46, pp. 162–165, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Woodacre2015,
title = {Aetiology of injuries and the need for protective equipment for surfers in the UK},
author = {Woodacre, T and Waydia, S E and Wienand-Barnett, S},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Injury},
volume = {46},
pages = {162--165},
address = {Woodacre,Timothy. Trauma \& Orthopaedics, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LJ, England, United Kingdom. Electronic address: timwoodacre@yahoo.co.uk. Waydia,Shree Eesh. Trauma \& Orthopaedics, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LJ, En},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Surfing is a popular UK water-sport. Previous studies investigating surfing injuries have been principally based on trauma from large waves and reef breaks in the US and Australia. Subsequent conclusions and recommendations for the use of protective equipment in surfing may therefore not be relevant in the UK. AIMS: This study examines the aetiology of surfing injuries in the UK. METHODS: Data was collected in 2012 using a web-based survey distributed to UK surfing clubs. Surfers recorded time/experience as a surfer, number of episodes spent surfing per month, different breaks surfed and type, frequency and method of any injuries sustained whilst surfing in the UK, including treatment received. RESULTS: Completed surveys were obtained from 130 individuals, M:F division 85:45, median age 28 (range 17-65). 122 surfers reported a total of 335 injuries. Head injuries were the most common (24%) followed by ankle (19%), knee (13%), back (10%), hand/wrist (9%), elbow/shoulder (7%), trunk (7%), neck (4%), hip (4%) and genitalia (3%) injuries. Surfers collided most often with their own boards (31%). The other collisions were with rocks/coral (15%), the sea (11%), other surf boards (10%) the sea bed (7%), other water vessels (2%) and by paddle-boards (1%). Of 327 injuries, cuts/lacerations (31%) were the commonest type of injury, followed by bruises/peri-orbital ecchymoses (24%), joint/ligament sprains (15%), muscle or tendon tears/ruptures (9%), concussion (5%), fractures (3%) and teeth injuries (1%). The remaining 8 injuries were not categorized. 65% of the surfers never required professional medical treatment for their differing injuries. There were no skull fractures and no head injuries required neurosurgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Surfing injuries in the UK are common. They appear of a similar aetiology to those reported in the literature in countries with a high surfing population, but generally of a lower severity, with few requiring professional treatment, hospital admission or operative intervention. Concussion appears rare and in this study there were no head injuries that required neurosurgical intervention. Surfing helmets aim to prevent such serious head injuries; whilst they should be considered for injury prevention their routine use is unlikely to be warranted whilst surfing in the UK.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zuckerman, S L; Lee, Y M; Odom, M J; Forbes, J A; Solomon, G S; Sills, A K
Sports-Related Concussion in Helmeted vs. Unhelmeted Athletes: Who Fares Worse? Journal Article
In: International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 36, pp. 419–425, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Zuckerman2015a,
title = {Sports-Related Concussion in Helmeted vs. Unhelmeted Athletes: Who Fares Worse?},
author = {Zuckerman, S L and Lee, Y M and Odom, M J and Forbes, J A and Solomon, G S and Sills, A K},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {36},
pages = {419--425},
address = {Zuckerman,S L. Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States. Lee,Y M. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States. Odom,M J. Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University M},
abstract = {In the management of sports-related concussion, little is known about the effect of wearing or not wearing a helmet (i.e., helmet status) on the acute outcomes of concussed athletes. We endeavored to assess acute neurocognitive and symptom changes after SRC in helmeted vs. unhelmeted athletes. In a retrospective study, 1025 athletes from 2 regional databases sustained a SRC. Athletes were matched by age, gender, number of prior concussions, and days to post-concussion test, yielding a final cohort of 138 athletes. For each group of 69, differences in post-concussion neurocognitive and symptom scores were compared using group mean differences as well as reliable change index (RCI) scores set at the 80% confidence interval. With gender, prior concussions, and days to post-concussion test similar in each group, using group mean change scores and RCI methodology, we found no significant differences between the helmeted and unhelmeted groups in 4 neurocognitive tests and one total symptom score. In a cohort of carefully matched athletes from 2 regional concussion centers, helmet status was unrelated to neurocognitive scores and total symptoms in athletes after suffering a SRC. These findings suggest that acute outcomes in helmeted vs. unhelmeted sports are quite similar.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Nakatsuka, A S; Yamamoto, L G
External foam layers to football helmets reduce head impact severity Journal Article
In: Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, vol. 73, pp. 256–261, 2014.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Nakatsuka2014,
title = {External foam layers to football helmets reduce head impact severity},
author = {Nakatsuka, A S and Yamamoto, L G},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Hawai'i Journal of Medicine \& Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine \& Public Health},
volume = {73},
pages = {256--261},
address = {Nakatsuka,Austin S. Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI; and Emergency Department, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women \& Children, Honolulu, HI. Yamamoto,Loren G. Department of Pediatrics, Univers},
abstract = {Current American football helmet design has a rigid exterior with a padded interior. Softening the hard external layer of the helmet may reduce the impact potential of the helmet, providing extra head protection and reducing its use as an offensive device. The objective of this study is to measure the impact reduction potential provided by external foam. We obtained a football helmet with built-in accelerometer-based sensors, placed it on a boxing mannequin and struck it with a weighted swinging pendulum helmet to mimic the forces sustained during a helmet-to-helmet strike. We then applied layers of 1.3 cm thick polyolefin foam to the exterior surface of the helmets and repeated the process. All impact severity measures were significantly reduced with the application of the external foam. These results support the hypothesis that adding a soft exterior layer reduces the force of impact which may be applicable to the football field. Redesigning football helmets could reduce the injury potential of the sport.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mascarenhas, Ana Karina
Mouthguards reduce orofacial injury during sport activities, but may not reduce concussion Journal Article
In: Journal of Evidencebased Dental Practice, vol. 12, pp. 90–91, 2012.
@article{Mascarenhas2012,
title = {Mouthguards reduce orofacial injury during sport activities, but may not reduce concussion},
author = {Mascarenhas, Ana Karina},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Evidencebased Dental Practice},
volume = {12},
pages = {90--91},
address = {Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA. AnaKarina.Mascarenhas@nova.edu},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Duhaime, A C
Response Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1090–1091, 2012, ISBN: 0022-3085 1933-0693.
BibTeX | Tags: Accident prevention, Assessment & Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness
@article{Duhaime2012,
title = {Response},
author = {Duhaime, A C},
isbn = {0022-3085
1933-0693},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery},
volume = {117},
number = {6},
pages = {1090--1091},
keywords = {Accident prevention, Assessment \& Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rowson, Steven; Duma, Stefan M
Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion Journal Article
In: Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 39, pp. 2130–2140, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Rowson2011a,
title = {Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion},
author = {Rowson, Steven and Duma, Stefan M},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Annals of Biomedical Engineering},
volume = {39},
pages = {2130--2140},
address = {Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. srowson@vt.edu},
abstract = {In contrast to the publicly available data on the safety of automobiles, consumers have no analytical mechanism to evaluate the protective performance of football helmets. The objective of this article is to fill this void by introducing a new equation that can be used to evaluate helmet performance by integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion. The Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) equation relates on-field impact exposure to a series of 24 drop tests performed at four impact locations and six impact energy levels. Using 62,974 head acceleration data points collected from football players, the number of impacts experienced for one full season was translated to 24 drop test configurations. A new injury risk function was developed from 32 measured concussions and associated exposure data to assess risk of concussion for each impact. Finally, the data from all 24 drop tests is combined into one number using the STAR formula that incorporates the predicted exposure and injury risk for one player for one full season of practices and games. The new STAR evaluation equation will provide consumers with a meaningful metric to assess the relative performance of football helmets.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fleming, P
Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, vol. 225, pp. 43–63, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Fleming2011,
title = {Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs},
author = {Fleming, P},
doi = {10.1177/1754337111401688},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
volume = {225},
pages = {43--63},
abstract = {Artificial sport surfaces, for team outdoor sports, are growing in number in many sports including soccer (association football), rugby, hockey, and football (American and Australian). The science of their behaviour has, it is argued, been under-researched in comparison to the development of artificial turf products and also the development of many of the sports with respect to athleticism and advances in equipment such as footwear. This paper reviews artificial turf design requirements and behavioural aspects to develop the science, and draws from a range of up-to-date literature to identify the key principles of behaviour and gaps in knowledge. The relationship between the material types used in the substrate support and surface system (comprising some form of shockpad and turf, the turf infilled or unfilled) behaviour is demonstrated in regard to the key performance factors of player\textendashsurface interaction \textendash for both impact and traction. The data demonstrate the relatively complex behaviour of surface systems, and highlight the pitfalls of current simple mechanical tests in relation to human loading. Degradation and the role of maintenance to sustain long-term performance are issues also highlighted and discussed. Surface safety is discussed through a short review of studies related to injury risk, albeit most were associated with the contrast between natural turf and artificial turf; however, there is clearly more research required in injury surveillance to include aspects of objective surface measurement. This paper additionally provides the reader with a state-of-the-knowledge review of where current thinking is now, and where future research is considered to be of merit, in developing sport surface science.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Navarro, Rodolfo R
Protective equipment and the prevention of concussion - what is the evidence? Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 27–31, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Navarro2011,
title = {Protective equipment and the prevention of concussion - what is the evidence?},
author = {Navarro, Rodolfo R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {27--31},
address = {Department of Family \& Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. navarror2@uthscsa.edu},
abstract = {The complex nature of the evaluation and management of concussion lends to controversy, and the immediate and long-term implications still are being investigated. Various types of protective equipment have been used as a means to prevent concussions, and protective equipment is being used more frequently in different sports. Recent investigations have suggested that a protective, but not preventive, effect may be afforded by mouthguard use in rugby players, headgear use in soccer players, and customized mandibular orthotic use in football players. The use of faceshields has not shown a proven benefit in preventing the incidence of sport-related concussion in ice hockey or field hockey participants. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of protective equipment in the prevention of sport-related concussion.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wright, Justin M; Webner, David
Playing field issues in sports medicine Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 9, pp. 129–133, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Wright2010,
title = {Playing field issues in sports medicine},
author = {Wright, Justin M and Webner, David},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {9},
pages = {129--133},
address = {Crozer-Keystone Health System, Springfield, PA 19064, USA. jmwright76@gmail.com},
abstract = {The use of artificial turf on playing fields has increased in popularity. Advances in technology have allowed for the development of turf that closely mimics the properties of natural grass. Overall injury incidence does not differ between the two surfaces, but unique injury patterns are apparent between the two surfaces. Differences in shoe-surface interface, in-shoe foot loading patterns, and impact attenuation may provide insight into the different injury patterns. Player perceptions of artificial turf vary and may be related to different physiological demands between the two surfaces. Artificial turf has been implicated in skin infections, but concerns about other health consequences related to the synthetic materials have not been proven yet. Understanding the differences between artificial turf and natural grass will help physicians, athletic trainers, and coaches better care for and train their athletes.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rye, Leslie A
Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 23, pp. 262, 2007, ISSN: 1600-9657.
@article{Rye2007,
title = {Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion},
author = {Rye, Leslie A},
issn = {1600-9657},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {23},
pages = {262},
address = {President Academy of Sports Dentistry, Reston, VA, USA},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mihalik, Jason P; McCaffrey, Meghan A; Rivera, Eric M; Pardini, Jamie E; Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Collins, Michael W; Lovell, Mark R
Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 23, pp. 14–20, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Mihalik2007,
title = {Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion},
author = {Mihalik, Jason P and McCaffrey, Meghan A and Rivera, Eric M and Pardini, Jamie E and Guskiewicz, Kevin M and Collins, Michael W and Lovell, Mark R},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {23},
pages = {14--20},
address = {Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. jasonm@unc.edu},
abstract = {Although it is widely accepted that mouthguards decrease the incidence of dental injuries, there is a controversy among sports medicine professionals as to the effectiveness of mouthguards in decreasing the incidence or severity of sports-related cerebral concussion (SRCC). While some experimental data suggest that this may be the case, there exist a number of reports suggesting that mouthguards do not serve this purpose. These conclusions have been drawn, however, without actually measuring the extent of neurocognitive dysfunction in athletes following sports-related concussion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mouthguard use reduces the neurocognitive and symptomatic impairments that follow an injurious episode of SRCC. Preseason baseline data were collected as part of an ongoing clinical program that uses a computerized neurocognitive test to assess various faculties of brain function and symptoms reported at the time of testing. Follow-up testing from 180 student-athletes who had sustained an SRCC was analyzed for the purpose of this study. These athletes were separated into one of two groups: those who reported using mouthguards and those who did not. Neurocognitive testing was accomplished using the Immediate Post-Concussion and Assessment Test (ImPACT). Results suggest that neurocognitive deficits at the time of the athletes' first follow-up assessment did not differ between mouthguard users and non-users, suggesting that mouthguard use does little to reduce the severity of neurocognitive dysfunction and onset of symptoms following sports-related head trauma. However, an interesting finding in this study was that athletes experienced significantly lower neurocognitive test scores and reported higher symptom scores following SRCC regardless of mouthguard use. This emphasizes a thorough clinical evaluation of athletes that have sustained an SRCC. Although it was found in this study that mouthguard use does not decrease the severity of concussion, it is important to note that the use of mouthguards is paramount in reducing maxillofacial and dental trauma and their use should continue to be mandated by athletic associations and supported by all dental and sports medicine professionals.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vastardis, Peter D
Athletic mouthguards: indications, types, and benefits Journal Article
In: Dentistry Today, vol. 24, pp. 52–5; quiz 55, 2005.
@article{Vastardis2005,
title = {Athletic mouthguards: indications, types, and benefits},
author = {Vastardis, Peter D},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Dentistry Today},
volume = {24},
pages = {52--5; quiz 55},
address = {International Academy for Sports Dentistry, USA. peter@gardencitydentistry.com},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hagel, Brent E; Pless, I Barry; Goulet, Claude; Platt, Robert W; Robitaille, Yvonne
Effectiveness of helmets in skiers and snowboarders: case-control and case crossover study.[Erratum appears in BMJ. 2005 Feb 12;330(7487):345] Journal Article
In: BMJ, vol. 330, pp. 281, 2005.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Hagel2005,
title = {Effectiveness of helmets in skiers and snowboarders: case-control and case crossover study.[Erratum appears in BMJ. 2005 Feb 12;330(7487):345]},
author = {Hagel, Brent E and Pless, I Barry and Goulet, Claude and Platt, Robert W and Robitaille, Yvonne},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {BMJ},
volume = {330},
pages = {281},
address = {Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 4075 RTF, 8308-114 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1. brent.hagel@ualberta.ca},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of helmets on the risk of head and neck injuries in skiers and snowboarders. DESIGN: Matched case-control and case crossover study. SETTING: 19 ski areas in Quebec, Canada, November 2001 to April 2002. PARTICIPANTS: 1082 skiers and snowboarders (cases) with head and neck injuries reported by the ski patrol and 3295 skiers and snowboarders (controls) with non-head or non-neck injuries matched to cases at each hill. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimates of matched odds ratios for the effect of helmet use on the risk of any head or neck injury and for people requiring evacuation by ambulance. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio for helmet use in participants with any head injury was 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.92), indicating a 29% reduction in the risk of head injury. For participants who required evacuation by ambulance for head injuries, the adjusted odds ratio for helmet use was 0.44 (0.24 to 0.81). Similar results occurred with the case crossover design (odds ratio 0.43, 0.09 to 1.83). The adjusted odds ratio for helmet use for participants with any neck injury was 0.62 (0.33 to 1.19) and for participants who required evacuation by ambulance for neck injuries it was 1.29 (0.41 to 4.04). CONCLUSIONS: Helmets protect skiers and snowboarders against head injuries. We cannot rule out the possibility of an increased risk of neck injury with helmet use, but the estimates on which this assumption is based are imprecise.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hoshizaki, T Blaine; Brien, Susan E
The science and design of head protection in sport Journal Article
In: Neurosurgery, vol. 55, pp. 956–967, 2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Hoshizaki2004,
title = {The science and design of head protection in sport},
author = {Hoshizaki, T Blaine and Brien, Susan E},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Neurosurgery},
volume = {55},
pages = {956--967},
abstract = {WE REVIEW THE relationship between science, testing standards, and helmet design to provide an understanding of how helmets protect the brain. Research describing the mechanisms of injury, resulting types of brain injuries, and characteristics of helmet protection are reviewed. The article is designed to describe the state of the relationship between science and helmet performance.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bailes, J E; Maroon, J C; Kaye, A H; Cantu, R C
The science and design of head protection in sport - Comments Journal Article
In: Neurosurgery, vol. 55, pp. 966–967, 2004, ISSN: 0148-396X.
@article{Bailes2004b,
title = {The science and design of head protection in sport - Comments},
author = {Bailes, J E and Maroon, J C and Kaye, A H and Cantu, R C},
issn = {0148-396X},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Neurosurgery},
volume = {55},
pages = {966--967},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ferrari, Carlos Henrique; Ferreria de Mederios, Joao Marcelo
Dental trauma and level of information: mouthguard use in different contact sports Journal Article
In: Dental Traumatology, vol. 18, pp. 144–147, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Ferrari2002,
title = {Dental trauma and level of information: mouthguard use in different contact sports},
author = {Ferrari, Carlos Henrique and {Ferreria de Mederios}, Joao Marcelo},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Dental Traumatology},
volume = {18},
pages = {144--147},
address = {Department of Dentistry, Biology and Health Center, Sao Francisco University, Braganca Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
abstract = {The objective of the present work was to study the occurrence of dental trauma in different sports, as well as to check if athletes used mouthguard during sport activities, and knew the significance of its utilization. The professional and semi-professional athletes who practised contact sports were interviewed, and were analyzed to determine the occurrence of dental trauma during sport practice, as well as if the athletes used a mouthguard and knew its indication. Results showed a high rate of dental trauma in athletes compared to the general population. The majority of athletes also demonstrated little utilization of mouthguard, in spite of the information about usage during sports practices and a general knowledge of its uses.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Putukian, M; Prout, B K; Roberts, W O
A custom face mask for sports Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 28, pp. 128–130, 2000, ISSN: 0091-3847.
@article{Putukian2000,
title = {A custom face mask for sports},
author = {Putukian, M and Prout, B K and Roberts, W O},
issn = {0091-3847},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {28},
pages = {128--130},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Barth, J T; Freeman, J R; Winters, J E
Management of sports-related concussions Journal Article
In: Dental Clinics of North America, vol. 44, pp. 67–83, 2000.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Barth2000,
title = {Management of sports-related concussions},
author = {Barth, J T and Freeman, J R and Winters, J E},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Dental Clinics of North America},
volume = {44},
pages = {67--83},
address = {Department of Medical Psychology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, USA.},
abstract = {Mild head injury is a frequent occurrence in a multitude of athletic endeavors across all levels of play. Clinicians should carefully consider all interventions at their disposal to reduce the prevalence and severity of injury to protect those involved. The exploration and evaluation of using properly fitted mouthguards to provide effective, albeit limited, defense against brain injury merits attention. The minimal costs of such an intervention when properly applied would no doubt reap numerous benefits in terms of reducing the medical, financial, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of mild head injury. The cosmetic salvation would be no small side effect to efficacious, properly fitted mouthguard use. [References: 63]},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, W O
Helmet removal in head and neck trauma Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 26, pp. 77–78, 1998.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Roberts1998,
title = {Helmet removal in head and neck trauma},
author = {Roberts, W O},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {26},
pages = {77--78},
address = {MinnHealth SportsCare, White Bear Lake, MN, USA.},
abstract = {When an ice hockey player hits the boards head-first after a hard body check or a football defensive back doesn't get up after a head-on tackle, the initial response is critical. If the player is unconscious or not breathing, it may be necessary to remove his or her helmet to access the airway. Helmet removal requires a careful, methodical approach to avoid compounding a suspected injury to the spinal cord.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Stokes, Alastair N S; Croft, Grant C; Gee, Derrick
Comparison of laboratory and intraorally formed mouth protectors Journal Article
In: Endodontics & Dental Traumatology, vol. 3, pp. 255–258, 1987, ISSN: 1600-9657.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Stokes1987,
title = {Comparison of laboratory and intraorally formed mouth protectors},
author = {Stokes, Alastair N S and Croft, Grant C and Gee, Derrick},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-9657.1987.tb00633.x},
issn = {1600-9657},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
journal = {Endodontics \& Dental Traumatology},
volume = {3},
pages = {255--258},
address = {University of Otago School of Dentistry, Dunedin, New Zealand},
abstract = {An ethylene vinyl acetate rim was intraorally adapted (I), and another was vacuum-formed on a stone cast (L). One type of mouth protector was worn for 8 weeks and then exchanged for the other. Subjects were not aware which type they had. At the end of the period a questionnaire was administered. There were 48 valid returns. Male/female ratio was 36/12, mean age 19 1/2 years. Most played rugby football (31) and hockey (15). Half the group wore their mouth protectors for competition only and half for all risk occasions. No tooth injuries occurred, but minor face and gingival lacerations 18, L6, and concussion L4 were reported. Comfort and fit were rated good 126,L34; reasonable I17, L10; poor 15,L4. Durability was rated good 140, L39; worn 14, L7; lost 13, LI. Preferences were I14, L23, no preference 10. Subjects were charged a fee to cover the cost of the I mouth protector. Twenty-four would pay a higher fee to get their preferred type, 16 would not. Both mouth protector types prevented dental injury, but the L type fitted better and was more comfortable. There may be a cost barrier to the use of the L type.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chapman, P J
The bimaxillary mouthguard: a preliminary report of use in contact sports Journal Article
In: Australian Dental Journal, vol. 31, pp. 200–206, 1986, ISSN: 1834-7819.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Equipment
@article{Chapman1986,
title = {The bimaxillary mouthguard: a preliminary report of use in contact sports},
author = {Chapman, P J},
issn = {1834-7819},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Australian Dental Journal},
volume = {31},
pages = {200--206},
address = {Consultant OralMaxillofacial Surgeon; Football Club Medical Officer; Lecturer in Oral Surgery, University of Queensland},
abstract = {The bimaxillary mouthguard provides a new concept in the prevention of orofacial and concussional sporting injuries. Its use is generally recommended for participants in the various contact sports, especially by those at increased risk of sustaining such injuries. This mouthguard was developed by the author and has been successfully used for more than three years. The results of a questionnaire study of 30 sportsmen who had been fitted with a bimaxillary mouthguard is presented together with details of fabrication. The acceptance rate was found to be very high (97 per cent), no orofacial injuries were sustained whilst the mouthguard was being worn, and none of the wearers would consider reverting to a standard custom mouthguard.},
keywords = {Equipment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fricker, J P
Mouthguards Journal Article
In: Australian Journal of Sports Medicine & Exercise Sciences, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 22–23, 1983.
BibTeX | Tags: *Mouth Protectors, *TEETH, *WOUNDS & injuries, Equipment, SURVEYS
@article{Fricker1983,
title = {Mouthguards},
author = {Fricker, J P},
year = {1983},
date = {1983-01-01},
journal = {Australian Journal of Sports Medicine \& Exercise Sciences},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {22--23},
keywords = {*Mouth Protectors, *TEETH, *WOUNDS \& injuries, Equipment, SURVEYS},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}