rhudson ussa edu Hudson, Rob; Spradley, Brandon
Concussions: A Sport Ethics Commentary Journal Article
In: Sport Journal, pp. 1–7, 2016, ISBN: 15439518.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bioethics, BRAIN -- Concussion, Brain -- Concussion -- Moral & ethical aspects, Brain -- Concussion -- Treatment, BRAIN damage, Decision making -- Moral & ethical aspects, DECISION making in clinical medicine, DISCLOSURE, DISEASE complications, etc., Football injuries -- Moral & ethical aspects, Human rights, Informed consent (Medical law), Paternalism, Patient decision making, SOCIAL justice, SPORTS -- Societies, Sports injuries -- Moral & ethical aspects
@article{Hudson2016,
title = {Concussions: A Sport Ethics Commentary},
author = {rhudson ussa edu Hudson, Rob and Spradley, Brandon},
isbn = {15439518},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Sport Journal},
pages = {1--7},
abstract = {Concussions in sports involve difficult ethical issues impacting athletic management and protocols. Popular treatments of the topic like the movie Concussion (Landesman, 2015) explore some of the ethical issues from the point of view of the doctors, players and league most prone to concussive injuries like Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). This commentary explores the literature relevant to concussion in sports with a focus on football to develop ethical themes, informed consent, paternalism, bioethics, truthfulness, rights, and justice. A lack of scientific consensus on defining concussions and confusion in a sports knowledge base in this area undermines reassurances that concussions can be managed properly. The social benefits of contact sports along with the risk of concussed athletes is also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Bioethics, BRAIN -- Concussion, Brain -- Concussion -- Moral \& ethical aspects, Brain -- Concussion -- Treatment, BRAIN damage, Decision making -- Moral \& ethical aspects, DECISION making in clinical medicine, DISCLOSURE, DISEASE complications, etc., Football injuries -- Moral \& ethical aspects, Human rights, Informed consent (Medical law), Paternalism, Patient decision making, SOCIAL justice, SPORTS -- Societies, Sports injuries -- Moral \& ethical aspects},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Westermann, Robert W; Kerr, Zachary Y; Wehr, Peter; Amendola, Annuziato
Increasing Lower Extremity Injury Rates Across the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 Seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 3230–3236, 2016, ISBN: 03635465.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *ANKLE wounds, *BRAIN -- Concussion, *COLLEGE athletes, *COLLEGE sports, *EPIDEMIOLOGY, *FOOTBALL injuries, *KNEE -- Wounds & injuries, *LEG -- Wounds & injuries, *PREVENTION, *SPORTS -- Societies, ankle injury, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, DATA analysis -- Software, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, etc., football, IOWA, knee, LONGITUDINAL method, ODDS ratio, RESEARCH, RESEARCH -- Finance, RESEARCH -- Methodology, rule change, UNITED States
@article{Westermann2016,
title = {Increasing Lower Extremity Injury Rates Across the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 Seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association Football},
author = {Westermann, Robert W and Kerr, Zachary Y and Wehr, Peter and Amendola, Annuziato},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {44},
number = {12},
pages = {3230--3236},
abstract = {Background: Sports-related concussions (SRCs) have gained increased societal interest in the past decade. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has implemented legislation and rule changes to decrease the incidence and risk of head injury impacts. The “targeting” rule forbids initiating contact with the crown of a helmet and targeting defenseless players in the head and neck area; however, there are concerns that this rule change has unintentionally led to an increased incidence of lower extremity injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in lower extremity injury rates in NCAA football during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 seasons. We hypothesized that the lower extremity injury rate has increased across the time period. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Sixty-eight NCAA football programs provided 153 team-seasons of data to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Lower extremity injuries (ie, hip/groin, upper leg/thigh, knee, lower leg/Achilles, foot/toes) and SRCs sustained during NCAA football games were examined. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for lower extremity injuries and SRCs. Rate ratios (RRs) compared injury rates between the 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 seasons. Results: Overall, 2400 lower extremity injuries were reported during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 seasons; most were to the knee (33.6%) and ankle (28.5%) and caused by player contact (59.2%). The lower extremity injury rate increased in 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 compared with 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 (23.55 vs 20.45/1000 AEs, respectively; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25). This finding was retained when restricted to injuries due to player contact (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.32) but not for injuries due to noncontact/overuse (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.80-1.14). When examining player contact injury rates by anatomic site, only ankle injuries had an increase (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.13-1.64). The SRC rate also increased in 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 compared with 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 (3.52 vs 2.63/1000 AEs, respectively; RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.66). Conclusion: The lower extremity injury rate has increased in NCAA football athletes. Similarly, SRC rates have increased, although this may be caused by concurrent policies related to better education, identification, and management. Targeting rule changes may be contributing to increased rates of player contact\textendashrelated ankle injuries. Alongside continued surveillance research to examine longitudinal time trends, more in-depth individual-level examinations of how targeting rule changes influence coaching and player behaviors are warranted. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR},
keywords = {*ANKLE wounds, *BRAIN -- Concussion, *COLLEGE athletes, *COLLEGE sports, *EPIDEMIOLOGY, *FOOTBALL injuries, *KNEE -- Wounds \& injuries, *LEG -- Wounds \& injuries, *PREVENTION, *SPORTS -- Societies, ankle injury, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, DATA analysis -- Software, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, etc., football, IOWA, knee, LONGITUDINAL method, ODDS ratio, RESEARCH, RESEARCH -- Finance, RESEARCH -- Methodology, rule change, UNITED States},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brooks, Alison; McGuine, Timothy; Hetzel, Scott
Effect of New Rule Limiting Full Contact Practice on Incidence of Sport Related Concussion in High School Football Players Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 27, pp. 21, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: ATHLETIC trainers, BRAIN -- Concussion, etc., School sports -- Societies
@article{Brooks2015,
title = {Effect of New Rule Limiting Full Contact Practice on Incidence of Sport Related Concussion in High School Football Players},
author = {Brooks, Alison and McGuine, Timothy and Hetzel, Scott},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {27},
pages = {21},
abstract = {Purpose: To determine if the rate of sport-related concussion (SRC) is lower following state interscholastic athletic association mandated rule change (effective starting with 2014 season) that limited amount and duration of full contact activities during high school football practice sessions. The new rule prohibited full contact during week 1, and limited full contact to 75 min/wk during week 2 and to 60 min/wk week 3 and beyond. Full contact was defined as drills or game situations that occur at game speed when full tackles are made at a competitive pace and players are taken to the ground. Methods: Prospective cohort study of US high school football players (grades 9-12). Prior to rule change - 2012 (36 schools), 2013 (18 schools) seasons, 2081 players (age = 15.9+1.2 yrs). After rule change - 2014 season (26 schools), 945 players (age = 15.9 + 1.1 yrs). Players provided previous concussion and demographic information by self-report. Licensed Athletic Trainers recorded incidence and severity (median, IQR days lost) for each SRC. Chi-square tests were used to compare incidence of SRC in pre-rule 2012/2013 seasons with incidence in post-rule 2014 season. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used to determine differences in severity (days lost) of SRC. Results: Total of 67 players (7.1%) sustained 70 SRC in 2014 compared to 206 players (9.0%) who sustained 211 SRC in 2012/2013 combined. Overall rate of SRC per 1000 Athletic Exposures (AE) was 1.28 in 2014 compared to 1.57 in 2012/2013 (p=0.155). Tackling was primary mechanism of injury for 46% of all SRC. The rate of SRC sustained overall in practice was significantly lower (p=.003) post-rule in 2014 (15 SRCs, 0.33/1000AE) compared to pre-rule 2012/2013 (86 SRCs, 0.76/1000AE). For 2014 season,12/15 SRCs were sustained during full contact practices, compared to 82/86 SRCs in 2012/2013 seasons. The rate of SRC in full contact practice was 0.57/1000AE in 2014 compared to 0.87/1000AE in 2012/2013 (p=0.216). There was no difference (p = 0.999) in the rate of SRC sustained in games pre (5.81/1000AE) and post rule (5.74/1000AE) change. There was no difference (p = 0.967) in severity of SRC pre (13 days lost [10-18 IQR]) and post rule (14 days lost [10.25-16 IQR]). Years of football playing experience did not affect incidence of SRC in 2014 season (p=0.941). Conclusions: The majority of SRC sustained in high school football practice occurred during full contact activities. The rate of SRC sustained in high school football practice was more than twice as high in the two seasons prior to a rule change limiting the amount and duration of full contact activities. Significance of Findings: Limitations on contact during high school football practice may be one effective measure to reduce the incidence of SRC.},
keywords = {ATHLETIC trainers, BRAIN -- Concussion, etc., School sports -- Societies},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
rhudson ussa edu Hudson, Rob; Spradley, Brandon
Concussions: A Sport Ethics Commentary Journal Article
In: Sport Journal, pp. 1–7, 2016, ISBN: 15439518.
@article{Hudson2016,
title = {Concussions: A Sport Ethics Commentary},
author = {rhudson ussa edu Hudson, Rob and Spradley, Brandon},
isbn = {15439518},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Sport Journal},
pages = {1--7},
abstract = {Concussions in sports involve difficult ethical issues impacting athletic management and protocols. Popular treatments of the topic like the movie Concussion (Landesman, 2015) explore some of the ethical issues from the point of view of the doctors, players and league most prone to concussive injuries like Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). This commentary explores the literature relevant to concussion in sports with a focus on football to develop ethical themes, informed consent, paternalism, bioethics, truthfulness, rights, and justice. A lack of scientific consensus on defining concussions and confusion in a sports knowledge base in this area undermines reassurances that concussions can be managed properly. The social benefits of contact sports along with the risk of concussed athletes is also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Westermann, Robert W; Kerr, Zachary Y; Wehr, Peter; Amendola, Annuziato
Increasing Lower Extremity Injury Rates Across the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 Seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 3230–3236, 2016, ISBN: 03635465.
@article{Westermann2016,
title = {Increasing Lower Extremity Injury Rates Across the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 Seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association Football},
author = {Westermann, Robert W and Kerr, Zachary Y and Wehr, Peter and Amendola, Annuziato},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {44},
number = {12},
pages = {3230--3236},
abstract = {Background: Sports-related concussions (SRCs) have gained increased societal interest in the past decade. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has implemented legislation and rule changes to decrease the incidence and risk of head injury impacts. The “targeting” rule forbids initiating contact with the crown of a helmet and targeting defenseless players in the head and neck area; however, there are concerns that this rule change has unintentionally led to an increased incidence of lower extremity injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in lower extremity injury rates in NCAA football during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 seasons. We hypothesized that the lower extremity injury rate has increased across the time period. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Sixty-eight NCAA football programs provided 153 team-seasons of data to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Lower extremity injuries (ie, hip/groin, upper leg/thigh, knee, lower leg/Achilles, foot/toes) and SRCs sustained during NCAA football games were examined. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for lower extremity injuries and SRCs. Rate ratios (RRs) compared injury rates between the 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 seasons. Results: Overall, 2400 lower extremity injuries were reported during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 seasons; most were to the knee (33.6%) and ankle (28.5%) and caused by player contact (59.2%). The lower extremity injury rate increased in 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 compared with 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 (23.55 vs 20.45/1000 AEs, respectively; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25). This finding was retained when restricted to injuries due to player contact (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.32) but not for injuries due to noncontact/overuse (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.80-1.14). When examining player contact injury rates by anatomic site, only ankle injuries had an increase (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.13-1.64). The SRC rate also increased in 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 compared with 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 (3.52 vs 2.63/1000 AEs, respectively; RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.66). Conclusion: The lower extremity injury rate has increased in NCAA football athletes. Similarly, SRC rates have increased, although this may be caused by concurrent policies related to better education, identification, and management. Targeting rule changes may be contributing to increased rates of player contact\textendashrelated ankle injuries. Alongside continued surveillance research to examine longitudinal time trends, more in-depth individual-level examinations of how targeting rule changes influence coaching and player behaviors are warranted. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brooks, Alison; McGuine, Timothy; Hetzel, Scott
Effect of New Rule Limiting Full Contact Practice on Incidence of Sport Related Concussion in High School Football Players Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 27, pp. 21, 2015.
@article{Brooks2015,
title = {Effect of New Rule Limiting Full Contact Practice on Incidence of Sport Related Concussion in High School Football Players},
author = {Brooks, Alison and McGuine, Timothy and Hetzel, Scott},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {27},
pages = {21},
abstract = {Purpose: To determine if the rate of sport-related concussion (SRC) is lower following state interscholastic athletic association mandated rule change (effective starting with 2014 season) that limited amount and duration of full contact activities during high school football practice sessions. The new rule prohibited full contact during week 1, and limited full contact to 75 min/wk during week 2 and to 60 min/wk week 3 and beyond. Full contact was defined as drills or game situations that occur at game speed when full tackles are made at a competitive pace and players are taken to the ground. Methods: Prospective cohort study of US high school football players (grades 9-12). Prior to rule change - 2012 (36 schools), 2013 (18 schools) seasons, 2081 players (age = 15.9+1.2 yrs). After rule change - 2014 season (26 schools), 945 players (age = 15.9 + 1.1 yrs). Players provided previous concussion and demographic information by self-report. Licensed Athletic Trainers recorded incidence and severity (median, IQR days lost) for each SRC. Chi-square tests were used to compare incidence of SRC in pre-rule 2012/2013 seasons with incidence in post-rule 2014 season. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used to determine differences in severity (days lost) of SRC. Results: Total of 67 players (7.1%) sustained 70 SRC in 2014 compared to 206 players (9.0%) who sustained 211 SRC in 2012/2013 combined. Overall rate of SRC per 1000 Athletic Exposures (AE) was 1.28 in 2014 compared to 1.57 in 2012/2013 (p=0.155). Tackling was primary mechanism of injury for 46% of all SRC. The rate of SRC sustained overall in practice was significantly lower (p=.003) post-rule in 2014 (15 SRCs, 0.33/1000AE) compared to pre-rule 2012/2013 (86 SRCs, 0.76/1000AE). For 2014 season,12/15 SRCs were sustained during full contact practices, compared to 82/86 SRCs in 2012/2013 seasons. The rate of SRC in full contact practice was 0.57/1000AE in 2014 compared to 0.87/1000AE in 2012/2013 (p=0.216). There was no difference (p = 0.999) in the rate of SRC sustained in games pre (5.81/1000AE) and post rule (5.74/1000AE) change. There was no difference (p = 0.967) in severity of SRC pre (13 days lost [10-18 IQR]) and post rule (14 days lost [10.25-16 IQR]). Years of football playing experience did not affect incidence of SRC in 2014 season (p=0.941). Conclusions: The majority of SRC sustained in high school football practice occurred during full contact activities. The rate of SRC sustained in high school football practice was more than twice as high in the two seasons prior to a rule change limiting the amount and duration of full contact activities. Significance of Findings: Limitations on contact during high school football practice may be one effective measure to reduce the incidence of SRC.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
rhudson ussa edu Hudson, Rob; Spradley, Brandon
Concussions: A Sport Ethics Commentary Journal Article
In: Sport Journal, pp. 1–7, 2016, ISBN: 15439518.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bioethics, BRAIN -- Concussion, Brain -- Concussion -- Moral & ethical aspects, Brain -- Concussion -- Treatment, BRAIN damage, Decision making -- Moral & ethical aspects, DECISION making in clinical medicine, DISCLOSURE, DISEASE complications, etc., Football injuries -- Moral & ethical aspects, Human rights, Informed consent (Medical law), Paternalism, Patient decision making, SOCIAL justice, SPORTS -- Societies, Sports injuries -- Moral & ethical aspects
@article{Hudson2016,
title = {Concussions: A Sport Ethics Commentary},
author = {rhudson ussa edu Hudson, Rob and Spradley, Brandon},
isbn = {15439518},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Sport Journal},
pages = {1--7},
abstract = {Concussions in sports involve difficult ethical issues impacting athletic management and protocols. Popular treatments of the topic like the movie Concussion (Landesman, 2015) explore some of the ethical issues from the point of view of the doctors, players and league most prone to concussive injuries like Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). This commentary explores the literature relevant to concussion in sports with a focus on football to develop ethical themes, informed consent, paternalism, bioethics, truthfulness, rights, and justice. A lack of scientific consensus on defining concussions and confusion in a sports knowledge base in this area undermines reassurances that concussions can be managed properly. The social benefits of contact sports along with the risk of concussed athletes is also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {Bioethics, BRAIN -- Concussion, Brain -- Concussion -- Moral \& ethical aspects, Brain -- Concussion -- Treatment, BRAIN damage, Decision making -- Moral \& ethical aspects, DECISION making in clinical medicine, DISCLOSURE, DISEASE complications, etc., Football injuries -- Moral \& ethical aspects, Human rights, Informed consent (Medical law), Paternalism, Patient decision making, SOCIAL justice, SPORTS -- Societies, Sports injuries -- Moral \& ethical aspects},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Westermann, Robert W; Kerr, Zachary Y; Wehr, Peter; Amendola, Annuziato
Increasing Lower Extremity Injury Rates Across the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 Seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 3230–3236, 2016, ISBN: 03635465.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *ANKLE wounds, *BRAIN -- Concussion, *COLLEGE athletes, *COLLEGE sports, *EPIDEMIOLOGY, *FOOTBALL injuries, *KNEE -- Wounds & injuries, *LEG -- Wounds & injuries, *PREVENTION, *SPORTS -- Societies, ankle injury, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, DATA analysis -- Software, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, etc., football, IOWA, knee, LONGITUDINAL method, ODDS ratio, RESEARCH, RESEARCH -- Finance, RESEARCH -- Methodology, rule change, UNITED States
@article{Westermann2016,
title = {Increasing Lower Extremity Injury Rates Across the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 Seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association Football},
author = {Westermann, Robert W and Kerr, Zachary Y and Wehr, Peter and Amendola, Annuziato},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {44},
number = {12},
pages = {3230--3236},
abstract = {Background: Sports-related concussions (SRCs) have gained increased societal interest in the past decade. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has implemented legislation and rule changes to decrease the incidence and risk of head injury impacts. The “targeting” rule forbids initiating contact with the crown of a helmet and targeting defenseless players in the head and neck area; however, there are concerns that this rule change has unintentionally led to an increased incidence of lower extremity injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in lower extremity injury rates in NCAA football during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 seasons. We hypothesized that the lower extremity injury rate has increased across the time period. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Sixty-eight NCAA football programs provided 153 team-seasons of data to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Lower extremity injuries (ie, hip/groin, upper leg/thigh, knee, lower leg/Achilles, foot/toes) and SRCs sustained during NCAA football games were examined. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for lower extremity injuries and SRCs. Rate ratios (RRs) compared injury rates between the 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 seasons. Results: Overall, 2400 lower extremity injuries were reported during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 seasons; most were to the knee (33.6%) and ankle (28.5%) and caused by player contact (59.2%). The lower extremity injury rate increased in 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 compared with 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 (23.55 vs 20.45/1000 AEs, respectively; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25). This finding was retained when restricted to injuries due to player contact (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.32) but not for injuries due to noncontact/overuse (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.80-1.14). When examining player contact injury rates by anatomic site, only ankle injuries had an increase (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.13-1.64). The SRC rate also increased in 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 compared with 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 (3.52 vs 2.63/1000 AEs, respectively; RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.66). Conclusion: The lower extremity injury rate has increased in NCAA football athletes. Similarly, SRC rates have increased, although this may be caused by concurrent policies related to better education, identification, and management. Targeting rule changes may be contributing to increased rates of player contact\textendashrelated ankle injuries. Alongside continued surveillance research to examine longitudinal time trends, more in-depth individual-level examinations of how targeting rule changes influence coaching and player behaviors are warranted. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR},
keywords = {*ANKLE wounds, *BRAIN -- Concussion, *COLLEGE athletes, *COLLEGE sports, *EPIDEMIOLOGY, *FOOTBALL injuries, *KNEE -- Wounds \& injuries, *LEG -- Wounds \& injuries, *PREVENTION, *SPORTS -- Societies, ankle injury, Concussion, CONFIDENCE intervals, DATA analysis -- Software, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, etc., football, IOWA, knee, LONGITUDINAL method, ODDS ratio, RESEARCH, RESEARCH -- Finance, RESEARCH -- Methodology, rule change, UNITED States},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brooks, Alison; McGuine, Timothy; Hetzel, Scott
Effect of New Rule Limiting Full Contact Practice on Incidence of Sport Related Concussion in High School Football Players Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 27, pp. 21, 2015.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: ATHLETIC trainers, BRAIN -- Concussion, etc., School sports -- Societies
@article{Brooks2015,
title = {Effect of New Rule Limiting Full Contact Practice on Incidence of Sport Related Concussion in High School Football Players},
author = {Brooks, Alison and McGuine, Timothy and Hetzel, Scott},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {27},
pages = {21},
abstract = {Purpose: To determine if the rate of sport-related concussion (SRC) is lower following state interscholastic athletic association mandated rule change (effective starting with 2014 season) that limited amount and duration of full contact activities during high school football practice sessions. The new rule prohibited full contact during week 1, and limited full contact to 75 min/wk during week 2 and to 60 min/wk week 3 and beyond. Full contact was defined as drills or game situations that occur at game speed when full tackles are made at a competitive pace and players are taken to the ground. Methods: Prospective cohort study of US high school football players (grades 9-12). Prior to rule change - 2012 (36 schools), 2013 (18 schools) seasons, 2081 players (age = 15.9+1.2 yrs). After rule change - 2014 season (26 schools), 945 players (age = 15.9 + 1.1 yrs). Players provided previous concussion and demographic information by self-report. Licensed Athletic Trainers recorded incidence and severity (median, IQR days lost) for each SRC. Chi-square tests were used to compare incidence of SRC in pre-rule 2012/2013 seasons with incidence in post-rule 2014 season. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used to determine differences in severity (days lost) of SRC. Results: Total of 67 players (7.1%) sustained 70 SRC in 2014 compared to 206 players (9.0%) who sustained 211 SRC in 2012/2013 combined. Overall rate of SRC per 1000 Athletic Exposures (AE) was 1.28 in 2014 compared to 1.57 in 2012/2013 (p=0.155). Tackling was primary mechanism of injury for 46% of all SRC. The rate of SRC sustained overall in practice was significantly lower (p=.003) post-rule in 2014 (15 SRCs, 0.33/1000AE) compared to pre-rule 2012/2013 (86 SRCs, 0.76/1000AE). For 2014 season,12/15 SRCs were sustained during full contact practices, compared to 82/86 SRCs in 2012/2013 seasons. The rate of SRC in full contact practice was 0.57/1000AE in 2014 compared to 0.87/1000AE in 2012/2013 (p=0.216). There was no difference (p = 0.999) in the rate of SRC sustained in games pre (5.81/1000AE) and post rule (5.74/1000AE) change. There was no difference (p = 0.967) in severity of SRC pre (13 days lost [10-18 IQR]) and post rule (14 days lost [10.25-16 IQR]). Years of football playing experience did not affect incidence of SRC in 2014 season (p=0.941). Conclusions: The majority of SRC sustained in high school football practice occurred during full contact activities. The rate of SRC sustained in high school football practice was more than twice as high in the two seasons prior to a rule change limiting the amount and duration of full contact activities. Significance of Findings: Limitations on contact during high school football practice may be one effective measure to reduce the incidence of SRC.},
keywords = {ATHLETIC trainers, BRAIN -- Concussion, etc., School sports -- Societies},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}