Carré, Justin M; McCormick, Cheryl M
In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players Journal Article
In: Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society, vol. 275, pp. 2651–2656, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Carre2008,
title = {In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players},
author = {Carr\'{e}, Justin M and McCormick, Cheryl M},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.0873},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society},
volume = {275},
pages = {2651--2656},
abstract = {Facial characteristics are an important basis for judgements about gender, emotion, personality, motivational states and behavioural dispositions. Based on a recent finding of a sexual dimorphism in facial metrics that is independent of body size, we conducted three studies to examine the extent to which individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were associated with trait dominance (using a questionnaire) and aggression during a behavioural task and in a naturalistic setting (varsity and professional ice hockey). In study 1, men had a larger facial width-to-height ratio, higher scores of trait dominance, and were more reactively aggressive compared with women. Individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio predicted reactive aggression in men, but not in women (predicted 15% of variance). In studies 2 (male varsity hockey players) and 3 (male professional hockey players), individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were positively related to aggressive behaviour as measured by the number of penalty minutes per game obtained over a season (predicted 29 and 9% of the variance, respectively). Together, these findings suggest that the sexually dimorphic facial width-to-height ratio may be an ‘honest signal’ of propensity for aggressive behaviour.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Longley, Neil; Sankaran, Swaminathan
The incentive effects of overtime rules in professional hockey: A comment and extension Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 8, pp. 546–554, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Longley2007,
title = {The incentive effects of overtime rules in professional hockey: A comment and extension},
author = {Longley, Neil and Sankaran, Swaminathan},
doi = {10.1177/1527002506294938},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Economics},
volume = {8},
pages = {546--554},
abstract = {This article analyzes the incentive effects of the National Hockey League's overtime-loss rule by offering an alternative theoretical framework to that of Abrevaya, whose article recently appeared in this journal. Although his theoretical model implied that all teams would find it beneficial to adopt defensive strategies during the late stages of regulation time of a tied game, the model used in this article shows that there are situations where teams will forego such defensive strategies and continue to play offensively aggressive. In particular, the authors show that this decision as to which on-ice strategy to adopt depends crucially on a team's perception of its own on-ice strength, relative to that of its opponent. Using this behavioral model also allows the authors to analyze and compare the incentive effects of a wide range of alternative payoff structures, including the structure currently used in European soccer.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Paul, Rodney J
Variations in NHL attendance: The impact of violence, scoring, and regional rivalries Journal Article
In: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 62, pp. 345–364, 2003, ISSN: 00029246.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Paul2003,
title = {Variations in NHL attendance: The impact of violence, scoring, and regional rivalries},
author = {Paul, Rodney J},
issn = {00029246},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Economics and Sociology},
volume = {62},
pages = {345--364},
abstract = {In recent years the National Hockey League (NHL) has put policies in place to boost attendance. Specifically, these changes have been to curb violence, increase scoring, and move to an unbalanced schedule featuring more games against regional rivals. This research looks at variations in game-to-game attendance in the NHL, focusing on these policy changes. It is found that violence, specifically fighting, tends to attract fans in large numbers across the United States and Canada. Surprisingly, increases in scoring, ceteris paribus, tend to depress attendance. The change in scheduling by the NHL, however, has been a success, with divisional rivals increasing attendance in U.S. cities and additional contests against other Canadian teams increasing attendance in Canada.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Allen, W David
Crime, punishment, and recidivism: Lessons from the National Hockey League Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 3, pp. 39–60, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Allen2002,
title = {Crime, punishment, and recidivism: Lessons from the National Hockey League},
author = {Allen, W David},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Economics},
volume = {3},
pages = {39--60},
abstract = {Among the fundamental elements of the sport of ice hockey are the on-ice rules violations occasionally committed by players and the penalties assessed for those violations. During the 1998-99 season, the National Hockey League (NHL) for the first time experimented with the deployment of two on-ice referees for a selection of games instead of the customary single referee, significant in that only referees have the authority to call penalties. In this article, that experimental 1998-99 season provides the empirical setting for a test of the economic model of crime, which suggests that economic agents allocate time to legal and illegal activity by considering the benefits and costs of these activities. Here, those economic agents are NHL players. Empirically, relatively nonviolent illegal activity appears significantly influenced by benefits and costs, but particularly violent acts appear to occur more randomly. Particularly violent penalties increase when a second referee is deployed, suggesting a dominant "apprehension effect" rather than a dominant "deterrence effect" of what amounts to an increase in the presence of police.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wong, Lloyd L; Trumper, Ricardo
Global celebrity athletes and nationalism: Futbol, hockey, and the representation of nation Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 26, pp. 168–194, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Wong2002,
title = {Global celebrity athletes and nationalism: Futbol, hockey, and the representation of nation},
author = {Wong, Lloyd L and Trumper, Ricardo},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {26},
pages = {168--194},
abstract = {Globalization scholars have pointed to a world of increasing transnationalism and deterritorialization that contributes to new meanings of identity and citizenship as the nation-state declines. Sports, and their transnational labor migration, play an important role in both undermining and strengthening nations and national identities. In this context, this article examines two superstar and global celebrity athletes in the sports of futbol and hockey: Ivan Zamorano and Wayne Gretzky. The article shows that although Zamorano and Gretzky are prime examples of transnational citizens and global business persons, living in both national and transnational spaces, it is ambiguous, paradoxical, and contradictory that in Chile, Zamorano represents and symbolizes the essence of Chileaness and that in Canada, Gretzky is usually offered as the symbol of a true Canadian. These two global celebrity athletes embody transnational cultural and capitalist business practices and, at the same time, willingly serve as national cultural icons for the formation and reaffirmation of national identities.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moore, H A
Professional ice hockey and violence in American society Journal Article
In: Texas Medicine, vol. 95, pp. 70, 1999.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Moore1999,
title = {Professional ice hockey and violence in American society},
author = {Moore, H A},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Texas Medicine},
volume = {95},
pages = {70},
address = {Sports Medicine Clinic, Dallas, USA.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCaw, S T; Walker, J D
Winning the Stanley Cup Final Series is related to incurring fewer penalties for violent behavior Journal Article
In: Texas Medicine, vol. 95, pp. 66–69, 1999.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{McCaw1999,
title = {Winning the Stanley Cup Final Series is related to incurring fewer penalties for violent behavior},
author = {McCaw, S T and Walker, J D},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Texas Medicine},
volume = {95},
pages = {66--69},
address = {Department of Health, Physical Education \& Recreation, Illinois State University, USA.},
abstract = {Catastrophic and disabling injuries are being reported more frequently in ice hockey. Within the science of injury prevention, all possible avenues are being explored to address this devastating problem, especially in the areas of protective equipment playing rules, teaching techniques, and awareness programs. Ice hockey injuries are in many cases caused by violent player behavior, which may be supported by coaches who believe that such behavior contributes to winning. To determine whether a relationship existed between violent player behavior and game outcome, 1462 recorded penalties from all 18 Stanley Cup Final Series from 1980 through 1997 were analyzed with a 2 x 2 chi-square analysis. A statistically significant association (chi-square = 7.111},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mills, B D; French, L M
Assertive behavior and jersey color in the national hockey and football leagues: The black uniform myth and reality Journal Article
In: Journal of Human Movement Studies, vol. 31, pp. 47–60, 1996, ISSN: 0306-7297.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Mills1996,
title = {Assertive behavior and jersey color in the national hockey and football leagues: The black uniform myth and reality},
author = {Mills, B D and French, L M},
issn = {0306-7297},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Human Movement Studies},
volume = {31},
pages = {47--60},
abstract = {There is a myth synonamous with the color black in the world of contact sports which states that the wearing of black jerseys promotes exagerated physical stature and provides athletes with an assertive disposition. With this association in mind, the purpose of this research was to examine the psychological and sociological myth of the black jersey and presented new research in the sport of ice hockey. In addition, this research examined the relationship between the number of infractions committed in the National Hockey League (NHL) and the color of the jersey worn. To test this relationship the Minnesota/Dallas Stars and Los Angeles Kings' penalty minutes three years prior to and after they switched jersey color were examined. These two teams were chosen because their change in jersey color offered the sharpest contrast in color (i.e.,white, yellow, purple, and green). This research found no statistical significance to support the relationship between the color of the jersey worn and the number of infractions incurred. Previous research in this area found that there was a direct correlation between penalty minutes and the color of jersey worn. Specifically, the research indicated an immediate increase in penalty minutes for teams that switched from multi-color to predominantly black jerseys. Teams and their front offices must realize the benefits and/or the negative connotations that are associated with wearing a black jersey. Psychologically, there is an effect on the athletes, but the question still remains. Does this psychological effect contribute to or impede their success as an athlete/team?},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Grossman, S; Hines, T
National Hockey League players from North America are more violent than those from Europe Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 83, pp. 589–590, 1996.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Grossman1996,
title = {National Hockey League players from North America are more violent than those from Europe},
author = {Grossman, S and Hines, T},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {83},
pages = {589--590},
address = {Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA.},
abstract = {It is commonly believed by hockey fans that European hockey players rely more on skill while. North American players are more violent. The number of penalty minutes gathered by European and North American players in the National Hockey League's 1995-1996 season was examined. When corrected for the low proportion of European players, North American players had significantly more penalty minutes than European players.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Engelhardt, G M
Fighting behavior and winning National Hockey League games: a paradox Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 80, pp. 416–418, 1995.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Engelhardt1995,
title = {Fighting behavior and winning National Hockey League games: a paradox},
author = {Engelhardt, G M},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {80},
pages = {416--418},
abstract = {To assess a relationship between fighting behavior and winning games in the National Hockey League (NHL), 4,240 NHL game summaries from five consecutive seasons (1987-88--1991-92) were examined. Analysis of the relation between a team's number of major fighting penalties and final league standings gave four significant negative correlations indicating a substantial inverse relationship, i.e., the larger the number of fights, the lower the final standings tended to be, although one significant positive correlation was obtained for those teams finishing in the bottom half of the standings. The results question the popular belief that fighting and winning NHL games are favorably associated. Explanations are suggested.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, J C H; Ferguson, D G; Stewart, K G
Blood sports and cherry pie - some economics of violence in the National Hockey League Journal Article
In: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 52, pp. 63–78, 1993, ISSN: 0002-9246.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Jones1993,
title = {Blood sports and cherry pie - some economics of violence in the National Hockey League},
author = {Jones, J C H and Ferguson, D G and Stewart, K G},
issn = {0002-9246},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Economics and Sociology},
volume = {52},
pages = {63--78},
address = {JONES, JCH, UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT ECON,VICTORIA V8W 3P5,BC,CANADA.},
abstract = {The results are reported of empirically testing two hypotheses relating to violence in a professional team sport: one, that hockey fans have a taste for violence (hockey is a ''blood sport'') so that, in general, game attendance and violence in the National Hockey League are positively related; and two, more specifically, that the more extreme degrees of violence are positively associated with American, not Canadian, attendance. The data are game by game data for the 1983/84 season, violence is measured by various categories of penalty minutes (minors, majors, misconducts), and the model is a system of two reduced form equations. The results confirm that there is a significant and positive relationship between aggregate measures of violence (total penalty minutes) and attendance for games played in both American and Canadian cities; and there is a significant positive relationship between the more extreme forms of violence (proxied by majors and misconducts) and attendance only in American cities.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gallmeier, Charles P
Traded, waived, or gassed: Failure in the occupational world of ice hockey Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 13, pp. 25–45, 1989.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Gallmeier1989,
title = {Traded, waived, or gassed: Failure in the occupational world of ice hockey},
author = {Gallmeier, Charles P},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {13},
pages = {25--45},
abstract = {Data presented from participant observation among minor league hockey players reveals how workers react to individual and collective failure in their occupational world. Failure on the group level refers to losing hockey games. Failure on the individual level involves not making the team. A player can fail to make the team by being gassed, by being traded, or by being placed on waivers. Each of these ways has a separate meaning with a distinct set of experiences, consequences, and reactions. A continuum of failure in this occupational world is presented by describing the consequences of failed performance and the differing reactions among co-workers to each type of failure. Group reactions to failure in hockey involve the interruption of social relationships based on the ensuing separation from the status position previously held by the failed player. As one moves along this continuum of failure, co- workers view the failed player and react to him as if the failed no longer existed, as socially dead or at least socially very ill. This continuum of failure points out the interrelatedness of group and personal reaction to failure and how one feeds off and reinforces the other.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Widmeyer, W N; Birch, J S
Aggression in professional ice hockey: a strategy for success or a reaction to failure? Journal Article
In: Journal of Psychology, vol. 117, pp. 77–84, 1984.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Widmeyer1984,
title = {Aggression in professional ice hockey: a strategy for success or a reaction to failure?},
author = {Widmeyer, W N and Birch, J S},
year = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Psychology},
volume = {117},
pages = {77--84},
abstract = {Results of previous examinations of aggression-performance relationships in sport may have been spurious since they have been based on entire games and seasons. The present paper argues that the injury or intimidation caused by aggression would be most likely to have a positive effect on performance if it occurred early in a contest or season. This early aggression might be offset by aggression later in the game or season committed by frustrated and/or revenge-seeking teams that were losing. Aggression-performance relationships for 32 professional hockey teams were examined at various times during 1176 games over four seasons. The correlation between aggression and performance was nonsignificant regardless of the segment of the season. A significant positive relationship (r = .48) was found between aggression committed in the first period and overall performance. It was concluded that, provided it takes place early in a contest, aggression is an effective strategy for success in ice hockey. The evidence implied but did not statistically support the conclusion that aggression is also employed by hockey teams as a reaction to failure.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Carré, Justin M; McCormick, Cheryl M
In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players Journal Article
In: Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society, vol. 275, pp. 2651–2656, 2008.
@article{Carre2008,
title = {In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players},
author = {Carr\'{e}, Justin M and McCormick, Cheryl M},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.0873},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society},
volume = {275},
pages = {2651--2656},
abstract = {Facial characteristics are an important basis for judgements about gender, emotion, personality, motivational states and behavioural dispositions. Based on a recent finding of a sexual dimorphism in facial metrics that is independent of body size, we conducted three studies to examine the extent to which individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were associated with trait dominance (using a questionnaire) and aggression during a behavioural task and in a naturalistic setting (varsity and professional ice hockey). In study 1, men had a larger facial width-to-height ratio, higher scores of trait dominance, and were more reactively aggressive compared with women. Individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio predicted reactive aggression in men, but not in women (predicted 15% of variance). In studies 2 (male varsity hockey players) and 3 (male professional hockey players), individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were positively related to aggressive behaviour as measured by the number of penalty minutes per game obtained over a season (predicted 29 and 9% of the variance, respectively). Together, these findings suggest that the sexually dimorphic facial width-to-height ratio may be an ‘honest signal’ of propensity for aggressive behaviour.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Longley, Neil; Sankaran, Swaminathan
The incentive effects of overtime rules in professional hockey: A comment and extension Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 8, pp. 546–554, 2007.
@article{Longley2007,
title = {The incentive effects of overtime rules in professional hockey: A comment and extension},
author = {Longley, Neil and Sankaran, Swaminathan},
doi = {10.1177/1527002506294938},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Economics},
volume = {8},
pages = {546--554},
abstract = {This article analyzes the incentive effects of the National Hockey League's overtime-loss rule by offering an alternative theoretical framework to that of Abrevaya, whose article recently appeared in this journal. Although his theoretical model implied that all teams would find it beneficial to adopt defensive strategies during the late stages of regulation time of a tied game, the model used in this article shows that there are situations where teams will forego such defensive strategies and continue to play offensively aggressive. In particular, the authors show that this decision as to which on-ice strategy to adopt depends crucially on a team's perception of its own on-ice strength, relative to that of its opponent. Using this behavioral model also allows the authors to analyze and compare the incentive effects of a wide range of alternative payoff structures, including the structure currently used in European soccer.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Paul, Rodney J
Variations in NHL attendance: The impact of violence, scoring, and regional rivalries Journal Article
In: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 62, pp. 345–364, 2003, ISSN: 00029246.
@article{Paul2003,
title = {Variations in NHL attendance: The impact of violence, scoring, and regional rivalries},
author = {Paul, Rodney J},
issn = {00029246},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Economics and Sociology},
volume = {62},
pages = {345--364},
abstract = {In recent years the National Hockey League (NHL) has put policies in place to boost attendance. Specifically, these changes have been to curb violence, increase scoring, and move to an unbalanced schedule featuring more games against regional rivals. This research looks at variations in game-to-game attendance in the NHL, focusing on these policy changes. It is found that violence, specifically fighting, tends to attract fans in large numbers across the United States and Canada. Surprisingly, increases in scoring, ceteris paribus, tend to depress attendance. The change in scheduling by the NHL, however, has been a success, with divisional rivals increasing attendance in U.S. cities and additional contests against other Canadian teams increasing attendance in Canada.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Allen, W David
Crime, punishment, and recidivism: Lessons from the National Hockey League Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 3, pp. 39–60, 2002.
@article{Allen2002,
title = {Crime, punishment, and recidivism: Lessons from the National Hockey League},
author = {Allen, W David},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Economics},
volume = {3},
pages = {39--60},
abstract = {Among the fundamental elements of the sport of ice hockey are the on-ice rules violations occasionally committed by players and the penalties assessed for those violations. During the 1998-99 season, the National Hockey League (NHL) for the first time experimented with the deployment of two on-ice referees for a selection of games instead of the customary single referee, significant in that only referees have the authority to call penalties. In this article, that experimental 1998-99 season provides the empirical setting for a test of the economic model of crime, which suggests that economic agents allocate time to legal and illegal activity by considering the benefits and costs of these activities. Here, those economic agents are NHL players. Empirically, relatively nonviolent illegal activity appears significantly influenced by benefits and costs, but particularly violent acts appear to occur more randomly. Particularly violent penalties increase when a second referee is deployed, suggesting a dominant "apprehension effect" rather than a dominant "deterrence effect" of what amounts to an increase in the presence of police.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wong, Lloyd L; Trumper, Ricardo
Global celebrity athletes and nationalism: Futbol, hockey, and the representation of nation Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 26, pp. 168–194, 2002.
@article{Wong2002,
title = {Global celebrity athletes and nationalism: Futbol, hockey, and the representation of nation},
author = {Wong, Lloyd L and Trumper, Ricardo},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {26},
pages = {168--194},
abstract = {Globalization scholars have pointed to a world of increasing transnationalism and deterritorialization that contributes to new meanings of identity and citizenship as the nation-state declines. Sports, and their transnational labor migration, play an important role in both undermining and strengthening nations and national identities. In this context, this article examines two superstar and global celebrity athletes in the sports of futbol and hockey: Ivan Zamorano and Wayne Gretzky. The article shows that although Zamorano and Gretzky are prime examples of transnational citizens and global business persons, living in both national and transnational spaces, it is ambiguous, paradoxical, and contradictory that in Chile, Zamorano represents and symbolizes the essence of Chileaness and that in Canada, Gretzky is usually offered as the symbol of a true Canadian. These two global celebrity athletes embody transnational cultural and capitalist business practices and, at the same time, willingly serve as national cultural icons for the formation and reaffirmation of national identities.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moore, H A
Professional ice hockey and violence in American society Journal Article
In: Texas Medicine, vol. 95, pp. 70, 1999.
@article{Moore1999,
title = {Professional ice hockey and violence in American society},
author = {Moore, H A},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Texas Medicine},
volume = {95},
pages = {70},
address = {Sports Medicine Clinic, Dallas, USA.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCaw, S T; Walker, J D
Winning the Stanley Cup Final Series is related to incurring fewer penalties for violent behavior Journal Article
In: Texas Medicine, vol. 95, pp. 66–69, 1999.
@article{McCaw1999,
title = {Winning the Stanley Cup Final Series is related to incurring fewer penalties for violent behavior},
author = {McCaw, S T and Walker, J D},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Texas Medicine},
volume = {95},
pages = {66--69},
address = {Department of Health, Physical Education \& Recreation, Illinois State University, USA.},
abstract = {Catastrophic and disabling injuries are being reported more frequently in ice hockey. Within the science of injury prevention, all possible avenues are being explored to address this devastating problem, especially in the areas of protective equipment playing rules, teaching techniques, and awareness programs. Ice hockey injuries are in many cases caused by violent player behavior, which may be supported by coaches who believe that such behavior contributes to winning. To determine whether a relationship existed between violent player behavior and game outcome, 1462 recorded penalties from all 18 Stanley Cup Final Series from 1980 through 1997 were analyzed with a 2 x 2 chi-square analysis. A statistically significant association (chi-square = 7.111},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mills, B D; French, L M
Assertive behavior and jersey color in the national hockey and football leagues: The black uniform myth and reality Journal Article
In: Journal of Human Movement Studies, vol. 31, pp. 47–60, 1996, ISSN: 0306-7297.
@article{Mills1996,
title = {Assertive behavior and jersey color in the national hockey and football leagues: The black uniform myth and reality},
author = {Mills, B D and French, L M},
issn = {0306-7297},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Human Movement Studies},
volume = {31},
pages = {47--60},
abstract = {There is a myth synonamous with the color black in the world of contact sports which states that the wearing of black jerseys promotes exagerated physical stature and provides athletes with an assertive disposition. With this association in mind, the purpose of this research was to examine the psychological and sociological myth of the black jersey and presented new research in the sport of ice hockey. In addition, this research examined the relationship between the number of infractions committed in the National Hockey League (NHL) and the color of the jersey worn. To test this relationship the Minnesota/Dallas Stars and Los Angeles Kings' penalty minutes three years prior to and after they switched jersey color were examined. These two teams were chosen because their change in jersey color offered the sharpest contrast in color (i.e.,white, yellow, purple, and green). This research found no statistical significance to support the relationship between the color of the jersey worn and the number of infractions incurred. Previous research in this area found that there was a direct correlation between penalty minutes and the color of jersey worn. Specifically, the research indicated an immediate increase in penalty minutes for teams that switched from multi-color to predominantly black jerseys. Teams and their front offices must realize the benefits and/or the negative connotations that are associated with wearing a black jersey. Psychologically, there is an effect on the athletes, but the question still remains. Does this psychological effect contribute to or impede their success as an athlete/team?},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Grossman, S; Hines, T
National Hockey League players from North America are more violent than those from Europe Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 83, pp. 589–590, 1996.
@article{Grossman1996,
title = {National Hockey League players from North America are more violent than those from Europe},
author = {Grossman, S and Hines, T},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {83},
pages = {589--590},
address = {Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA.},
abstract = {It is commonly believed by hockey fans that European hockey players rely more on skill while. North American players are more violent. The number of penalty minutes gathered by European and North American players in the National Hockey League's 1995-1996 season was examined. When corrected for the low proportion of European players, North American players had significantly more penalty minutes than European players.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Engelhardt, G M
Fighting behavior and winning National Hockey League games: a paradox Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 80, pp. 416–418, 1995.
@article{Engelhardt1995,
title = {Fighting behavior and winning National Hockey League games: a paradox},
author = {Engelhardt, G M},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {80},
pages = {416--418},
abstract = {To assess a relationship between fighting behavior and winning games in the National Hockey League (NHL), 4,240 NHL game summaries from five consecutive seasons (1987-88--1991-92) were examined. Analysis of the relation between a team's number of major fighting penalties and final league standings gave four significant negative correlations indicating a substantial inverse relationship, i.e., the larger the number of fights, the lower the final standings tended to be, although one significant positive correlation was obtained for those teams finishing in the bottom half of the standings. The results question the popular belief that fighting and winning NHL games are favorably associated. Explanations are suggested.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, J C H; Ferguson, D G; Stewart, K G
Blood sports and cherry pie - some economics of violence in the National Hockey League Journal Article
In: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 52, pp. 63–78, 1993, ISSN: 0002-9246.
@article{Jones1993,
title = {Blood sports and cherry pie - some economics of violence in the National Hockey League},
author = {Jones, J C H and Ferguson, D G and Stewart, K G},
issn = {0002-9246},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Economics and Sociology},
volume = {52},
pages = {63--78},
address = {JONES, JCH, UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT ECON,VICTORIA V8W 3P5,BC,CANADA.},
abstract = {The results are reported of empirically testing two hypotheses relating to violence in a professional team sport: one, that hockey fans have a taste for violence (hockey is a ''blood sport'') so that, in general, game attendance and violence in the National Hockey League are positively related; and two, more specifically, that the more extreme degrees of violence are positively associated with American, not Canadian, attendance. The data are game by game data for the 1983/84 season, violence is measured by various categories of penalty minutes (minors, majors, misconducts), and the model is a system of two reduced form equations. The results confirm that there is a significant and positive relationship between aggregate measures of violence (total penalty minutes) and attendance for games played in both American and Canadian cities; and there is a significant positive relationship between the more extreme forms of violence (proxied by majors and misconducts) and attendance only in American cities.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gallmeier, Charles P
Traded, waived, or gassed: Failure in the occupational world of ice hockey Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 13, pp. 25–45, 1989.
@article{Gallmeier1989,
title = {Traded, waived, or gassed: Failure in the occupational world of ice hockey},
author = {Gallmeier, Charles P},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {13},
pages = {25--45},
abstract = {Data presented from participant observation among minor league hockey players reveals how workers react to individual and collective failure in their occupational world. Failure on the group level refers to losing hockey games. Failure on the individual level involves not making the team. A player can fail to make the team by being gassed, by being traded, or by being placed on waivers. Each of these ways has a separate meaning with a distinct set of experiences, consequences, and reactions. A continuum of failure in this occupational world is presented by describing the consequences of failed performance and the differing reactions among co-workers to each type of failure. Group reactions to failure in hockey involve the interruption of social relationships based on the ensuing separation from the status position previously held by the failed player. As one moves along this continuum of failure, co- workers view the failed player and react to him as if the failed no longer existed, as socially dead or at least socially very ill. This continuum of failure points out the interrelatedness of group and personal reaction to failure and how one feeds off and reinforces the other.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Widmeyer, W N; Birch, J S
Aggression in professional ice hockey: a strategy for success or a reaction to failure? Journal Article
In: Journal of Psychology, vol. 117, pp. 77–84, 1984.
@article{Widmeyer1984,
title = {Aggression in professional ice hockey: a strategy for success or a reaction to failure?},
author = {Widmeyer, W N and Birch, J S},
year = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Psychology},
volume = {117},
pages = {77--84},
abstract = {Results of previous examinations of aggression-performance relationships in sport may have been spurious since they have been based on entire games and seasons. The present paper argues that the injury or intimidation caused by aggression would be most likely to have a positive effect on performance if it occurred early in a contest or season. This early aggression might be offset by aggression later in the game or season committed by frustrated and/or revenge-seeking teams that were losing. Aggression-performance relationships for 32 professional hockey teams were examined at various times during 1176 games over four seasons. The correlation between aggression and performance was nonsignificant regardless of the segment of the season. A significant positive relationship (r = .48) was found between aggression committed in the first period and overall performance. It was concluded that, provided it takes place early in a contest, aggression is an effective strategy for success in ice hockey. The evidence implied but did not statistically support the conclusion that aggression is also employed by hockey teams as a reaction to failure.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Carré, Justin M; McCormick, Cheryl M
In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players Journal Article
In: Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society, vol. 275, pp. 2651–2656, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Carre2008,
title = {In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players},
author = {Carr\'{e}, Justin M and McCormick, Cheryl M},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.0873},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society},
volume = {275},
pages = {2651--2656},
abstract = {Facial characteristics are an important basis for judgements about gender, emotion, personality, motivational states and behavioural dispositions. Based on a recent finding of a sexual dimorphism in facial metrics that is independent of body size, we conducted three studies to examine the extent to which individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were associated with trait dominance (using a questionnaire) and aggression during a behavioural task and in a naturalistic setting (varsity and professional ice hockey). In study 1, men had a larger facial width-to-height ratio, higher scores of trait dominance, and were more reactively aggressive compared with women. Individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio predicted reactive aggression in men, but not in women (predicted 15% of variance). In studies 2 (male varsity hockey players) and 3 (male professional hockey players), individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were positively related to aggressive behaviour as measured by the number of penalty minutes per game obtained over a season (predicted 29 and 9% of the variance, respectively). Together, these findings suggest that the sexually dimorphic facial width-to-height ratio may be an ‘honest signal’ of propensity for aggressive behaviour.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Longley, Neil; Sankaran, Swaminathan
The incentive effects of overtime rules in professional hockey: A comment and extension Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 8, pp. 546–554, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Longley2007,
title = {The incentive effects of overtime rules in professional hockey: A comment and extension},
author = {Longley, Neil and Sankaran, Swaminathan},
doi = {10.1177/1527002506294938},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Economics},
volume = {8},
pages = {546--554},
abstract = {This article analyzes the incentive effects of the National Hockey League's overtime-loss rule by offering an alternative theoretical framework to that of Abrevaya, whose article recently appeared in this journal. Although his theoretical model implied that all teams would find it beneficial to adopt defensive strategies during the late stages of regulation time of a tied game, the model used in this article shows that there are situations where teams will forego such defensive strategies and continue to play offensively aggressive. In particular, the authors show that this decision as to which on-ice strategy to adopt depends crucially on a team's perception of its own on-ice strength, relative to that of its opponent. Using this behavioral model also allows the authors to analyze and compare the incentive effects of a wide range of alternative payoff structures, including the structure currently used in European soccer.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Paul, Rodney J
Variations in NHL attendance: The impact of violence, scoring, and regional rivalries Journal Article
In: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 62, pp. 345–364, 2003, ISSN: 00029246.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Paul2003,
title = {Variations in NHL attendance: The impact of violence, scoring, and regional rivalries},
author = {Paul, Rodney J},
issn = {00029246},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Economics and Sociology},
volume = {62},
pages = {345--364},
abstract = {In recent years the National Hockey League (NHL) has put policies in place to boost attendance. Specifically, these changes have been to curb violence, increase scoring, and move to an unbalanced schedule featuring more games against regional rivals. This research looks at variations in game-to-game attendance in the NHL, focusing on these policy changes. It is found that violence, specifically fighting, tends to attract fans in large numbers across the United States and Canada. Surprisingly, increases in scoring, ceteris paribus, tend to depress attendance. The change in scheduling by the NHL, however, has been a success, with divisional rivals increasing attendance in U.S. cities and additional contests against other Canadian teams increasing attendance in Canada.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Allen, W David
Crime, punishment, and recidivism: Lessons from the National Hockey League Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 3, pp. 39–60, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Allen2002,
title = {Crime, punishment, and recidivism: Lessons from the National Hockey League},
author = {Allen, W David},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Economics},
volume = {3},
pages = {39--60},
abstract = {Among the fundamental elements of the sport of ice hockey are the on-ice rules violations occasionally committed by players and the penalties assessed for those violations. During the 1998-99 season, the National Hockey League (NHL) for the first time experimented with the deployment of two on-ice referees for a selection of games instead of the customary single referee, significant in that only referees have the authority to call penalties. In this article, that experimental 1998-99 season provides the empirical setting for a test of the economic model of crime, which suggests that economic agents allocate time to legal and illegal activity by considering the benefits and costs of these activities. Here, those economic agents are NHL players. Empirically, relatively nonviolent illegal activity appears significantly influenced by benefits and costs, but particularly violent acts appear to occur more randomly. Particularly violent penalties increase when a second referee is deployed, suggesting a dominant "apprehension effect" rather than a dominant "deterrence effect" of what amounts to an increase in the presence of police.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wong, Lloyd L; Trumper, Ricardo
Global celebrity athletes and nationalism: Futbol, hockey, and the representation of nation Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 26, pp. 168–194, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Wong2002,
title = {Global celebrity athletes and nationalism: Futbol, hockey, and the representation of nation},
author = {Wong, Lloyd L and Trumper, Ricardo},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {26},
pages = {168--194},
abstract = {Globalization scholars have pointed to a world of increasing transnationalism and deterritorialization that contributes to new meanings of identity and citizenship as the nation-state declines. Sports, and their transnational labor migration, play an important role in both undermining and strengthening nations and national identities. In this context, this article examines two superstar and global celebrity athletes in the sports of futbol and hockey: Ivan Zamorano and Wayne Gretzky. The article shows that although Zamorano and Gretzky are prime examples of transnational citizens and global business persons, living in both national and transnational spaces, it is ambiguous, paradoxical, and contradictory that in Chile, Zamorano represents and symbolizes the essence of Chileaness and that in Canada, Gretzky is usually offered as the symbol of a true Canadian. These two global celebrity athletes embody transnational cultural and capitalist business practices and, at the same time, willingly serve as national cultural icons for the formation and reaffirmation of national identities.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moore, H A
Professional ice hockey and violence in American society Journal Article
In: Texas Medicine, vol. 95, pp. 70, 1999.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Moore1999,
title = {Professional ice hockey and violence in American society},
author = {Moore, H A},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Texas Medicine},
volume = {95},
pages = {70},
address = {Sports Medicine Clinic, Dallas, USA.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCaw, S T; Walker, J D
Winning the Stanley Cup Final Series is related to incurring fewer penalties for violent behavior Journal Article
In: Texas Medicine, vol. 95, pp. 66–69, 1999.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{McCaw1999,
title = {Winning the Stanley Cup Final Series is related to incurring fewer penalties for violent behavior},
author = {McCaw, S T and Walker, J D},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Texas Medicine},
volume = {95},
pages = {66--69},
address = {Department of Health, Physical Education \& Recreation, Illinois State University, USA.},
abstract = {Catastrophic and disabling injuries are being reported more frequently in ice hockey. Within the science of injury prevention, all possible avenues are being explored to address this devastating problem, especially in the areas of protective equipment playing rules, teaching techniques, and awareness programs. Ice hockey injuries are in many cases caused by violent player behavior, which may be supported by coaches who believe that such behavior contributes to winning. To determine whether a relationship existed between violent player behavior and game outcome, 1462 recorded penalties from all 18 Stanley Cup Final Series from 1980 through 1997 were analyzed with a 2 x 2 chi-square analysis. A statistically significant association (chi-square = 7.111},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mills, B D; French, L M
Assertive behavior and jersey color in the national hockey and football leagues: The black uniform myth and reality Journal Article
In: Journal of Human Movement Studies, vol. 31, pp. 47–60, 1996, ISSN: 0306-7297.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Mills1996,
title = {Assertive behavior and jersey color in the national hockey and football leagues: The black uniform myth and reality},
author = {Mills, B D and French, L M},
issn = {0306-7297},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Human Movement Studies},
volume = {31},
pages = {47--60},
abstract = {There is a myth synonamous with the color black in the world of contact sports which states that the wearing of black jerseys promotes exagerated physical stature and provides athletes with an assertive disposition. With this association in mind, the purpose of this research was to examine the psychological and sociological myth of the black jersey and presented new research in the sport of ice hockey. In addition, this research examined the relationship between the number of infractions committed in the National Hockey League (NHL) and the color of the jersey worn. To test this relationship the Minnesota/Dallas Stars and Los Angeles Kings' penalty minutes three years prior to and after they switched jersey color were examined. These two teams were chosen because their change in jersey color offered the sharpest contrast in color (i.e.,white, yellow, purple, and green). This research found no statistical significance to support the relationship between the color of the jersey worn and the number of infractions incurred. Previous research in this area found that there was a direct correlation between penalty minutes and the color of jersey worn. Specifically, the research indicated an immediate increase in penalty minutes for teams that switched from multi-color to predominantly black jerseys. Teams and their front offices must realize the benefits and/or the negative connotations that are associated with wearing a black jersey. Psychologically, there is an effect on the athletes, but the question still remains. Does this psychological effect contribute to or impede their success as an athlete/team?},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Grossman, S; Hines, T
National Hockey League players from North America are more violent than those from Europe Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 83, pp. 589–590, 1996.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Grossman1996,
title = {National Hockey League players from North America are more violent than those from Europe},
author = {Grossman, S and Hines, T},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {83},
pages = {589--590},
address = {Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA.},
abstract = {It is commonly believed by hockey fans that European hockey players rely more on skill while. North American players are more violent. The number of penalty minutes gathered by European and North American players in the National Hockey League's 1995-1996 season was examined. When corrected for the low proportion of European players, North American players had significantly more penalty minutes than European players.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Engelhardt, G M
Fighting behavior and winning National Hockey League games: a paradox Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 80, pp. 416–418, 1995.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Engelhardt1995,
title = {Fighting behavior and winning National Hockey League games: a paradox},
author = {Engelhardt, G M},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {80},
pages = {416--418},
abstract = {To assess a relationship between fighting behavior and winning games in the National Hockey League (NHL), 4,240 NHL game summaries from five consecutive seasons (1987-88--1991-92) were examined. Analysis of the relation between a team's number of major fighting penalties and final league standings gave four significant negative correlations indicating a substantial inverse relationship, i.e., the larger the number of fights, the lower the final standings tended to be, although one significant positive correlation was obtained for those teams finishing in the bottom half of the standings. The results question the popular belief that fighting and winning NHL games are favorably associated. Explanations are suggested.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, J C H; Ferguson, D G; Stewart, K G
Blood sports and cherry pie - some economics of violence in the National Hockey League Journal Article
In: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 52, pp. 63–78, 1993, ISSN: 0002-9246.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Jones1993,
title = {Blood sports and cherry pie - some economics of violence in the National Hockey League},
author = {Jones, J C H and Ferguson, D G and Stewart, K G},
issn = {0002-9246},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Economics and Sociology},
volume = {52},
pages = {63--78},
address = {JONES, JCH, UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT ECON,VICTORIA V8W 3P5,BC,CANADA.},
abstract = {The results are reported of empirically testing two hypotheses relating to violence in a professional team sport: one, that hockey fans have a taste for violence (hockey is a ''blood sport'') so that, in general, game attendance and violence in the National Hockey League are positively related; and two, more specifically, that the more extreme degrees of violence are positively associated with American, not Canadian, attendance. The data are game by game data for the 1983/84 season, violence is measured by various categories of penalty minutes (minors, majors, misconducts), and the model is a system of two reduced form equations. The results confirm that there is a significant and positive relationship between aggregate measures of violence (total penalty minutes) and attendance for games played in both American and Canadian cities; and there is a significant positive relationship between the more extreme forms of violence (proxied by majors and misconducts) and attendance only in American cities.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gallmeier, Charles P
Traded, waived, or gassed: Failure in the occupational world of ice hockey Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 13, pp. 25–45, 1989.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Gallmeier1989,
title = {Traded, waived, or gassed: Failure in the occupational world of ice hockey},
author = {Gallmeier, Charles P},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {13},
pages = {25--45},
abstract = {Data presented from participant observation among minor league hockey players reveals how workers react to individual and collective failure in their occupational world. Failure on the group level refers to losing hockey games. Failure on the individual level involves not making the team. A player can fail to make the team by being gassed, by being traded, or by being placed on waivers. Each of these ways has a separate meaning with a distinct set of experiences, consequences, and reactions. A continuum of failure in this occupational world is presented by describing the consequences of failed performance and the differing reactions among co-workers to each type of failure. Group reactions to failure in hockey involve the interruption of social relationships based on the ensuing separation from the status position previously held by the failed player. As one moves along this continuum of failure, co- workers view the failed player and react to him as if the failed no longer existed, as socially dead or at least socially very ill. This continuum of failure points out the interrelatedness of group and personal reaction to failure and how one feeds off and reinforces the other.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Widmeyer, W N; Birch, J S
Aggression in professional ice hockey: a strategy for success or a reaction to failure? Journal Article
In: Journal of Psychology, vol. 117, pp. 77–84, 1984.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology
@article{Widmeyer1984,
title = {Aggression in professional ice hockey: a strategy for success or a reaction to failure?},
author = {Widmeyer, W N and Birch, J S},
year = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Psychology},
volume = {117},
pages = {77--84},
abstract = {Results of previous examinations of aggression-performance relationships in sport may have been spurious since they have been based on entire games and seasons. The present paper argues that the injury or intimidation caused by aggression would be most likely to have a positive effect on performance if it occurred early in a contest or season. This early aggression might be offset by aggression later in the game or season committed by frustrated and/or revenge-seeking teams that were losing. Aggression-performance relationships for 32 professional hockey teams were examined at various times during 1176 games over four seasons. The correlation between aggression and performance was nonsignificant regardless of the segment of the season. A significant positive relationship (r = .48) was found between aggression committed in the first period and overall performance. It was concluded that, provided it takes place early in a contest, aggression is an effective strategy for success in ice hockey. The evidence implied but did not statistically support the conclusion that aggression is also employed by hockey teams as a reaction to failure.},
keywords = {Aggression, Professional Sports Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}