Russell, Gordon W
Personalities in the crowd: Those who would escalate a sports riot Journal Article
In: Aggressive Behavior, vol. 21, pp. 91–100, 1995, ISSN: 1098-2337.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Russell1995a,
title = {Personalities in the crowd: Those who would escalate a sports riot},
author = {Russell, Gordon W},
issn = {1098-2337},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
volume = {21},
pages = {91--100},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada},
abstract = {A series of four studies was conducted at ice hockey games with a view to establishing the correlates of spectator's self-reported reasons for attending and their propensity for involvement in crowd disturbances. Spectators attending for the reason of ldquoI like to watch the fightsrdquo and those most likely to join in a fight if one were to break out in the stands were young, single males. Ratings on the dependent variables were further related to individual differences measures of assaultiveness, psychopathy, self-esteem, and public self-consciousness. Anomy was unrelated to either dependent measure. Support for the false consensus effect was additionally forthcoming. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Russell, Gordon W; Arms, Robert L
False consensus effect, physical aggression, anger, and a willingness to escalate a disturbance Journal Article
In: Aggressive Behavior, vol. 21, pp. 381–386, 1995, ISSN: 1098-2337.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Russell1995,
title = {False consensus effect, physical aggression, anger, and a willingness to escalate a disturbance},
author = {Russell, Gordon W and Arms, Robert L},
issn = {1098-2337},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
volume = {21},
pages = {381--386},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada},
abstract = {The present investigation sought to establish the relationships between two measures of aggression and both subjects' self-reported attraction to fights and likelihood that they would join in a crowd disturbance. Subjects were adult males (N = 63) interviewed at an ice hockey game. Tests of the false consensus effect [Ross et al. (1977): Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13: 279-301] were also undertaken. Physical aggression and anger bore strong, positive correlations with subjects' liking to watch the fights and the likelihood of their escalating a crowd disturbance. Support for the false consensus effect was found insofar as those attracted to the fights and those who would escalate a disturbance estimated a disproportionately greater number of other spectators were similarly attracted to fights and would take similar action. The implications for unruly crowd behaviors were discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Young, K
Sport and collective violence Journal Article
In: Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, vol. 19, pp. 539–586, 1991.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Young1991,
title = {Sport and collective violence},
author = {Young, K},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Exercise \& Sport Sciences Reviews},
volume = {19},
pages = {539--586},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Leith, L M
Do coaches encourage aggressive behaviour in sport? Journal Article
In: Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, vol. 16, pp. 85–86, 1991.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Leith1991,
title = {Do coaches encourage aggressive behaviour in sport?},
author = {Leith, L M},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences},
volume = {16},
pages = {85--86},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Smith, Michael D
Violence and injuries in ice hockey Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 1, pp. 104–109, 1991.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey Education, Sport Psychology
@article{Smith1991,
title = {Violence and injuries in ice hockey},
author = {Smith, Michael D},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {1},
pages = {104--109},
address = {Departments of Physical Education and Sociology, LaMarsh Research Programme on Violence and Conflict Resolution, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada},
abstract = {The subject of violence and injuries in ice hockey has generated much public debate in Canada but surprisingly little research. Although many studies on violence and injuries in hockey are available, there seems to be little research dealing with the relationship between the two. Many studies carried out for other purposes, however, provide data that bear on the relationship. This article examines those data and outlines a proposal for a victimization survey designed to overcome some of the methodological problems found in most research associated with this subject., (C) Lippincott-Raven Publishers.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey Education, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McMurtry, John
How competition goes wrong Journal Article
In: Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 8, pp. 201–209, 1991, ISSN: 1468-5930.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{McMurtry1991,
title = {How competition goes wrong},
author = {McMurtry, John},
issn = {1468-5930},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Applied Philosophy},
volume = {8},
pages = {201--209},
abstract = {The article begins by identifying a set of hitherto undisclosed contradictions of meaning and value attributed to a basic structure of our existence competition. It seeks to resolve these contradictions by showing that there are two basic forms of competition not previously distinguished: (1) the dominant model of competition in which pay-offs extrinsic to the activity itself are conferred on one party at the expense of others; and (2) the submerged, spontaneous form of competition in which no structure of extrinsic and exclusionary pay-offs is imposed on the action. Illustrating in terms of a paradigm example, ice-hockey, the analysis shows that the well-known and systematic pathologies of competitive conflict, violence, cheating, authoritarianism, sexism, drug-taking and so on are a law-like consequence of the dominant structure of competition and not a problem of competition as such.},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Colburn, Kenneth Jr.
Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence Journal Article
In: Sociological Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 63–74, 1986, ISSN: 1533-8525.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Colburn1986,
title = {Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence},
author = {Colburn, Kenneth Jr.},
issn = {1533-8525},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Sociological Quarterly},
volume = {27},
pages = {63--74},
address = {Indiana University at Indianapolis},
abstract = {Bensman and Gerver's (1964) theory of structural deviance is employed as a general framework for examining the functional indispensability of the fist-fight in ice-hockey. Qualitative materials concerning the players' viewpoint are analyzed, according to Garfinkel (1967), in terms of a conception of practical decision-making used by players in their commission and interpretation of violent acts on the ice. A sociological explanation of hockey violence is thus offered that emphasizes the situationally relevant and meaningful nature of violence as it is experienced and understood by players. It also formulates the fist-fight as an institutionalized mode of legitimate violence that represents a compromise between conflicting ends within the sport.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Harrell, W Andrew
Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey Journal Article
In: Human Relations, vol. 34, pp. 643–655, 1981.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Harrell1981,
title = {Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey},
author = {Harrell, W Andrew},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Human Relations},
volume = {34},
pages = {643--655},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dunning, E
Social bonding and violence in sport Journal Article
In: Journal of Biosocial Science - Supplement, vol. 7, pp. 5–22, 1981.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Dunning1981,
title = {Social bonding and violence in sport},
author = {Dunning, E},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Biosocial Science - Supplement},
volume = {7},
pages = {5--22},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Schwebel, David C; Banaszek, Mark M; McDaniel, McCall
Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Pediatric Psychology, vol. 32, pp. 411–416, 2007.
@article{Schwebel2007,
title = {Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury},
author = {Schwebel, David C and Banaszek, Mark M and McDaniel, McCall},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Pediatric Psychology},
volume = {32},
pages = {411--416},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, CH 415, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. schwebel@uab.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: By most reports, soccer (football) is among the most played and most popular sports in the world. This study prospectively examined behavioral risk factors for youth soccer injury. METHOD: Sixty 11- and 12-year-old boys who played on six teams in a suburban recreational soccer league were followed over the course of a season. Six predictors were assessed prior to the start of the season via self-report measures from coaches, parents, and the players themselves: inhibition, aggression, risk-taking, skill, experience playing soccer, and physical size. All games were videotaped, and tapes were reviewed to record players' collisions with other players, fouls, falls during the course of play, and injuries. RESULTS: Greater skill and less experience playing soccer best predicted injury risk. Inhibition, aggression, and risk-taking did not emerge as predictors. CONCLUSION: Results are discussed with respect to previous research in youth sport and general pediatric injury risk.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Thomas, Sion; Reeves, Colin; Smith, Andrew
English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 102, pp. 317–320, 2006.
@article{Thomas2006,
title = {English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home},
author = {Thomas, Sion and Reeves, Colin and Smith, Andrew},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {102},
pages = {317--320},
address = {The University of Greenwich, Eltham, London, UK.},
abstract = {Speculation about key factors affecting home advantage still exists. The present study investigated aggressive behavior amongst English Football Premiership (soccer) players and its relation to home advantage. The frequency of aggressive behaviour, identified by the award of a penalty or disciplinary card (yellow for caution or red for dismissal) was analysed over 2000-2003. Chi-square analyses assessed whether a greater frequency of aggressive behavior was performed by teams away from home. In decided matches, teams playing away received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. A further analysis of tied matches indicated that away teams received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. No significant differences between home and away teams were found for dismissals and penalties awarded. Reasons for these findings are considered.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lorenz, Stacy L; Osborne, Geraint B
"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry Journal Article
In: Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 40, pp. 125–156, 2006.
@article{Lorenz2006,
title = {"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry},
author = {Lorenz, Stacy L and Osborne, Geraint B},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Canadian Studies},
volume = {40},
pages = {125--156},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kavussanu, Maria
Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 24, pp. 575–588, 2006.
@article{Kavussanu2006,
title = {Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football},
author = {Kavussanu, Maria},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {24},
pages = {575--588},
address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. m.kavussanu@$sim$bham.ac.uk},
abstract = {This study examined (a) the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, and (b) whether number of seasons one has played for the team interacts with motivational climate in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviour in association football. Participants were 325 male association football players, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Athletes completed questionnaires measuring frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, goal orientation, motivational climate and social desirability, and indicated the number of seasons they had played for their current team. Regression analyses revealed that task orientation and mastery climate were positive predictors of prosocial behaviour, whereas ego orientation and performance climate were positive predictors of antisocial behaviour. In addition, task orientation negatively predicted antisocial behaviour, while ego orientation negatively predicted prosocial behaviour. No significant interactions between task and ego orientation and mastery and performance motivational climate were found. Finally, mastery climate negatively predicted antisocial behaviour for those who had played many seasons for the team. In conclusion, strengthening task orientation and mastery climate and weakening ego orientation may enhance prosocial behaviour. However, for antisocial conduct to be eliminated from the context of association football, ego orientation and performance climate need to be tempered, as these constructs exert unique independent effects on antisocial behaviour.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Juntumaa, Birgitta; Keskivaara, Pertti; Punamaki, Raija-Leena
Parenting, achievement strategies and satisfaction in ice hockey Journal Article
In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, vol. 46, pp. 411–420, 2005, ISSN: 1467-9450.
@article{Juntumaa2005,
title = {Parenting, achievement strategies and satisfaction in ice hockey},
author = {Juntumaa, Birgitta and Keskivaara, Pertti and Punamaki, Raija-Leena},
issn = {1467-9450},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Psychology},
volume = {46},
pages = {411--420},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Psychology, University of Tampere, Finland},
abstract = {The aim of this study is to understand adolescent players' satisfaction as a function of parenting styles, players' achievement strategies, and their norm breaking behavior. Finnish 14- and 16-year-old ice-hockey players (n= 1018) completed a questionnaire measuring their achievement strategies (SAQ; Nurmi, Salmela-Aro \& Haavisto, 1995b), as well as scales of norm breaking and satisfaction, prepared for the present study. The parents (n= 979) filled in scales measuring their parenting styles (CRPR; Pulkkinen, 1996) and attitudes towards norm breaking. Results revealed that players from authoritative families who showed a high level of mastery-orientation expressed high satisfaction in playing ice hockey. Results also showed negative associations between authoritative parenting and both task irrelevant and norm breaking behavior. Parents with parental stress and those with authoritarian parenting styles showed positive attitudes to norm breaking behavior, and players from authoritarian and parental stress homes showed norm breaking behavior in ice hockey. There was no association between norm breaking behavior and player satisfaction. Our results contribute to the planning of a coaching system that serves more educational and developmental purposes, and that encourages the desire to play ice hockey as a hobby.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bernburg, Jon Gunnar; Thorlindsson, Thorolfur
Violent values, conduct norms, and youth aggression: A multilevel study in Iceland Journal Article
In: Sociological Quarterly, vol. 46, pp. 457–478, 2005.
@article{Bernburg2005,
title = {Violent values, conduct norms, and youth aggression: A multilevel study in Iceland},
author = {Bernburg, Jon Gunnar and Thorlindsson, Thorolfur},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Sociological Quarterly},
volume = {46},
pages = {457--478},
abstract = {The subculture of violence approach suggests that group adherence to values \& norms that encourage violence influence aggressive behavior through two analytically separate processes: (1) internalization of values encouraging violence, \& (2) social control stemming from others' adherence to conduct norms. While some attention has been paid to the former process, the research has rarely addressed the latter. We examine the individual-level \& contextual effects of values that encourage violence \& perceived conduct norms on youth aggression in Iceland. The results indicate that group adherence to violent values \& norms influences aggression through social control as well as internalization (socialization), lending cross-cultural support to the subculture of violence perspective. 3 Tables, 2 Appendixes, 62 References. Adapted from the source document.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lapi, Angelo
Violence in some so-called 'sports' Journal Article
In: Missouri Medicine, vol. 102, pp. 524–525, 2005.
@article{Lapi2005,
title = {Violence in some so-called 'sports'},
author = {Lapi, Angelo},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Missouri Medicine},
volume = {102},
pages = {524--525},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, Marc V; Bray, Steven R; Olivier, Stephen
Game location and aggression in rugby league Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 387–393, 2005.
@article{Jones2005,
title = {Game location and aggression in rugby league},
author = {Jones, Marc V and Bray, Steven R and Olivier, Stephen},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {23},
pages = {387--393},
address = {Sport, Health and Exercise, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. marc.jones@staffs.ac.uk},
abstract = {The present study examined the relationship between aggression and game location in rugby league. We videotaped a random sample of 21 professional rugby league games played in the 2000 Super League season. Trained observers recorded the frequency of aggressive behaviours. Consistent with previous research, which used territoriality theories as a basis for prediction, we hypothesized that the home team would behave more aggressively than the away team. The results showed no significant difference in the frequency of aggressive behaviours exhibited by the home and away teams. However, the away teams engaged in substantially more aggressive behaviours in games they lost compared with games they won. No significant differences in the pattern of aggressive behaviours for home and away teams emerged as a function of game time (i.e. first or second half) or game situation (i.e. when teams were winning, losing or drawing). The findings suggest that while home and away teams do not display different levels of aggression, the cost of behaving aggressively (in terms of game outcome) may be greater for the away team.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Burton, Robert W
Aggression and sport Journal Article
In: Clinics in Sports Medicine, vol. 24, pp. 845–852, 2005.
@article{Burton2005,
title = {Aggression and sport},
author = {Burton, Robert W},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Clinics in Sports Medicine},
volume = {24},
pages = {845--852},
address = {Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. rwbmd@comcast.net},
abstract = {Viewing aggression in its healthy form, in contrast to its extreme and inappropriate versions, and sport as a health-promoting exercise in psychological development and maturation may allow participants and spectators alike to retain an interest in aggression and sport and derive further enjoyment from them. In addition, it will benefit all involved with sport to have a broader understanding of human aggression. Physicians, mental health professionals, and other health care providers can be influential in this process, and should be willing to get involved and speak out when issues and problems arise. [References: 8]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bloom, G A; Horton, A S; McCrory, P; Johnston, K M
Sport psychology and concussion: new impacts to explore Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 38, pp. 519–521, 2004.
@article{Bloom2004,
title = {Sport psychology and concussion: new impacts to explore},
author = {Bloom, G A and Horton, A S and McCrory, P and Johnston, K M},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {38},
pages = {519--521},
address = {McGill University, Montreal, Canada.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pappas, N T; McKenry, P C; Catlett, B S
Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships Journal Article
In: Men and Masculinities, vol. 6, pp. 291–312, 2004.
@article{Pappas2004,
title = {Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships},
author = {Pappas, N T and McKenry, P C and Catlett, B S},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Men and Masculinities},
volume = {6},
pages = {291--312},
abstract = {Because male athletes have exhibited aggressive tendencies in a variety of settings, they may be at risk for using violence both within \& beyond their sports involvement. Five former college/professional hockey players were interviewed to determine their perspectives on the nature of aggression \& violence in sports competition as well as in social relationships. The informants were asked about athletes' violence \& aggression toward teammates, acquaintances, \& female intimates. This analysis includes participants' experiences, observations, \& explanations of the instances of violence in hockey culture. The study findings yield (1) a greater understanding of the ways in which hockey socialization \& athletes' notions of masculinity combine to create a culture of aggression \& violence \& (2) two major factors -- consumption of alcohol \& the objectification of women -- that contribute to exporting violence outside the athletic arena.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hagel, Brent; Meeuwisse, Willem
Risk compensation: a "side effect" of sport injury prevention? Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 14, pp. 193–196, 2004.
@article{Hagel2004,
title = {Risk compensation: a "side effect" of sport injury prevention?},
author = {Hagel, Brent and Meeuwisse, Willem},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {14},
pages = {193--196},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Landis, M
The team physician: An analysis of the causes of action, conflicts, defenses and improvements Journal Article
In: DePaul Journal of Sports Law & Contemporary Problems, vol. 1, pp. 139–207, 2003.
@article{Landis2003,
title = {The team physician: An analysis of the causes of action, conflicts, defenses and improvements},
author = {Landis, M},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {DePaul Journal of Sports Law \& Contemporary Problems},
volume = {1},
pages = {139--207},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wann, Daniel L; Shelton, Sarah; Smith, Tony; Walker, Rhonda
Relationship between team identification and trait aggression: a replication Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 94, pp. 595–598, 2002.
@article{Wann2002,
title = {Relationship between team identification and trait aggression: a replication},
author = {Wann, Daniel L and Shelton, Sarah and Smith, Tony and Walker, Rhonda},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {94},
pages = {595--598},
address = {Department of Psychology, Murray State University, KY 42071, USA. danwann@msumusik.mursuky.edu},
abstract = {Research yielded no significant relationship between sport fandom and trait aggression. The current study replicated previous efforts using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, an updated version of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. In contrast to past work, the current study did yield a significant relationship between fandom and aggression for men.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Robidoux, M
Imagining a Canadian identity through sport: A historical interpretation of lacrosse and hockey Journal Article
In: Journal of American Folklore, vol. 115, pp. 209–225, 2002, ISSN: 0021-8715.
@article{Robidoux2002,
title = {Imagining a Canadian identity through sport: A historical interpretation of lacrosse and hockey},
author = {Robidoux, M},
issn = {0021-8715},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of American Folklore},
volume = {115},
pages = {209--225},
address = {Univ Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. Robidoux, M, Univ Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.},
abstract = {Sport in Canada during the late 19th century was intended to promote physical excellence, emotional restraint, fair play, and discipline; yet these ideological principles were consistently undermined by the manner in which Canadians played the game of hockey. This article explores the genesis of violence in hockey by focusing on its vernacular origins and discusses the relevance of violence as an expression fo Canadian national identity in terms of First Nations and French Canadian expressions of sport.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, Marc V; Paull, Geoffrey C; Erskine, John
The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 991–1000, 2002.
@article{Jones2002a,
title = {The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees},
author = {Jones, Marc V and Paull, Geoffrey C and Erskine, John},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {20},
pages = {991--1000},
address = {Sport, Health and Exercise, School of Health, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. marc.jones@staffs.ac.uk},
abstract = {It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Juhn, Mark S; Brolinson, Per Gunnar; Duffey, Timothy; Stockard, Alan; Vangelos, Zenos A; Emaus, Erik; Maddox, Matthew; Boyajian, Lori; Henehan, Michael; Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports
Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 46–51, 2002.
@article{Juhn2002,
title = {Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey},
author = {Juhn, Mark S and Brolinson, Per Gunnar and Duffey, Timothy and Stockard, Alan and Vangelos, Zenos A and Emaus, Erik and Maddox, Matthew and Boyajian, Lori and Henehan, Michael and Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {12},
pages = {46--51},
address = {Hall Health Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 354410 E. Stevens Circle, Seattle, WA 98195-4410, USA.},
abstract = {Ice hockey is a sport enjoyed by many men and women at the spectator and participant level. It is played with high intensity and often involves body contact. Although the women's games is far from injury free, it is the men's game that has drawn criticism for excessive violence. Much attention has been drawn to the serious injuries that have occurred in ice hockey, specifically spinal injuries, concussions, and eye injuries. Many such injuries are the result of illegal and violent acts such as checking from behind or a deliberate high stick. Because of this, some medical organizations have called for changes in the sport, such as minimum age requirements for body-checking. As a practical matter such changes are unlikely to be accepted by hockey governing boards. Many of those involved in the sport consider body-checking a fundamental component of the game. Furthermore, a distinction needs to be made between any kind of injury and a serious, catastrophic injury. For example, although a recent study found that body-checking accounted for up to 38% of ice hockey injuries, none were of the catastrophic type. With respect to catastrophic injuries such as spinal cord trauma or a blinded eye, legal body-checking accounts for significantly less than illegal body-checking (e.g., checking from behind) or violent stick work. To reduce serious injury in ice hockey, we offer 10 recommendations, key among them automatic game suspensions for certain rules violations, and recognition of the coach as the most important figure in promoting a clean, safe game.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Stephens, D E
Predictors of aggressive tendencies in girls' basketball: an examination of beginning and advanced participants in a summer skills camp Journal Article
In: Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, vol. 72, pp. 257–266, 2001.
@article{Stephens2001,
title = {Predictors of aggressive tendencies in girls' basketball: an examination of beginning and advanced participants in a summer skills camp},
author = {Stephens, D E},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Research Quarterly for Exercise \& Sport},
volume = {72},
pages = {257--266},
address = {Department of Health, Leisure, and Sport Studies, University of Iowa, USA. dawn-e-stephens@uiowa.edu},
abstract = {This study was designed to extend previous research on aggressive tendencies and moral atmosphere in two ways: (a) to include participants of two skill levels in a summer youth basketball skill camp and (b) to examine the influence of the coach on participants' aggressive tendencies. The participants were 136 youth from either a beginning (n = 89) or an advanced sport camp (n = 47). Results indicated that primary predictors of aggressive tendencies for both skill levels included participants' perception of their teammates' behavior in the same situation and their willingness to injure others if their coach requested. These findings are consistent with previous research establishing team norm as a significant predictor for self-described aggressive tendencies in a sport situation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wann, D L; Ensor, C L
Family motivation and a more accurate classification of preferences for aggressive sports Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 92, pp. 603–605, 2001.
@article{Wann2001,
title = {Family motivation and a more accurate classification of preferences for aggressive sports},
author = {Wann, D L and Ensor, C L},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {92},
pages = {603--605},
address = {Department of Psychology, Murray State University, KY 42071, USA. danwann@msumusik.mursuky.edu},
abstract = {In previous research there were no significant differences in family motivation between individuals with a preference for aggressive sports and those with a preference for nonaggressive sports. The current study replicated the past research with a more valid method of classifying participants into the sport-preference groups. 82 participants completed the Family Motivation Subscale of the Sport Fan Motivation Scale and listed their five favorite sports. As predicted, correlations indicated no significant relationships between preferences for aggressive sports and strength of family motivation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dvorak, J; Junge, A; Chomiak, J; Graf-Baumann, T; Peterson, L; Rosch, D; Hodgson, R
Risk factor analysis for injuries in football players. Possibilities for a prevention program Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 28, pp. S69–74, 2000.
@article{Dvorak2000,
title = {Risk factor analysis for injuries in football players. Possibilities for a prevention program},
author = {Dvorak, J and Junge, A and Chomiak, J and Graf-Baumann, T and Peterson, L and Rosch, D and Hodgson, R},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {28},
pages = {S69--74},
address = {Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland.},
abstract = {Review of the literature shows that information concerning risk factors for football injuries is incomplete and partly contradictory. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of medical history, physical findings, football skills, and football performance, as well as psychosocial characteristics on the occurrence and severity of football injuries. The prospective outline of the study was as follows: after a baseline examination was performed to ascertain possible predictors of injury, all players were followed up weekly for 1 year to register subsequent injuries and complaints. Two hundred sixty-four of 398 players (67%) had complete weekly follow-ups over 1 year. A majority of the players (N = 216; 82%) were injured during the observation period. In comparing injured and uninjured players, several differences were observed. To create a multidimensional predictor score for football injuries, 17 risk factors were selected. These risk factors covered a wide spectrum, such as previous injuries, acute complaints, inadequate rehabilitation, poor health awareness, high life-event stress, playing characteristics, poor reaction time, poor endurance, and insufficient preparation for games. By summing up the individual risk factors, a predictive sum was calculated for each player. The more risk factors present at the baseline examination, the higher the probability of that player incurring an injury in the ensuing year. Using two risk factors as the cut-off score, more than 80% of the players were correctly classified as to whether they went on to incur an injury. Based on these findings, knowledge from the literature, and practical experience, possibilities for a prevention program are suggested.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Russell, Gordon W
Personalities in the crowd: Those who would escalate a sports riot Journal Article
In: Aggressive Behavior, vol. 21, pp. 91–100, 1995, ISSN: 1098-2337.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Russell1995a,
title = {Personalities in the crowd: Those who would escalate a sports riot},
author = {Russell, Gordon W},
issn = {1098-2337},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
volume = {21},
pages = {91--100},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada},
abstract = {A series of four studies was conducted at ice hockey games with a view to establishing the correlates of spectator's self-reported reasons for attending and their propensity for involvement in crowd disturbances. Spectators attending for the reason of ldquoI like to watch the fightsrdquo and those most likely to join in a fight if one were to break out in the stands were young, single males. Ratings on the dependent variables were further related to individual differences measures of assaultiveness, psychopathy, self-esteem, and public self-consciousness. Anomy was unrelated to either dependent measure. Support for the false consensus effect was additionally forthcoming. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Russell, Gordon W; Arms, Robert L
False consensus effect, physical aggression, anger, and a willingness to escalate a disturbance Journal Article
In: Aggressive Behavior, vol. 21, pp. 381–386, 1995, ISSN: 1098-2337.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Russell1995,
title = {False consensus effect, physical aggression, anger, and a willingness to escalate a disturbance},
author = {Russell, Gordon W and Arms, Robert L},
issn = {1098-2337},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
volume = {21},
pages = {381--386},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada},
abstract = {The present investigation sought to establish the relationships between two measures of aggression and both subjects' self-reported attraction to fights and likelihood that they would join in a crowd disturbance. Subjects were adult males (N = 63) interviewed at an ice hockey game. Tests of the false consensus effect [Ross et al. (1977): Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13: 279-301] were also undertaken. Physical aggression and anger bore strong, positive correlations with subjects' liking to watch the fights and the likelihood of their escalating a crowd disturbance. Support for the false consensus effect was found insofar as those attracted to the fights and those who would escalate a disturbance estimated a disproportionately greater number of other spectators were similarly attracted to fights and would take similar action. The implications for unruly crowd behaviors were discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Young, K
Sport and collective violence Journal Article
In: Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, vol. 19, pp. 539–586, 1991.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Young1991,
title = {Sport and collective violence},
author = {Young, K},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Exercise \& Sport Sciences Reviews},
volume = {19},
pages = {539--586},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Leith, L M
Do coaches encourage aggressive behaviour in sport? Journal Article
In: Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, vol. 16, pp. 85–86, 1991.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Leith1991,
title = {Do coaches encourage aggressive behaviour in sport?},
author = {Leith, L M},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences},
volume = {16},
pages = {85--86},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Smith, Michael D
Violence and injuries in ice hockey Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 1, pp. 104–109, 1991.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey Education, Sport Psychology
@article{Smith1991,
title = {Violence and injuries in ice hockey},
author = {Smith, Michael D},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {1},
pages = {104--109},
address = {Departments of Physical Education and Sociology, LaMarsh Research Programme on Violence and Conflict Resolution, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada},
abstract = {The subject of violence and injuries in ice hockey has generated much public debate in Canada but surprisingly little research. Although many studies on violence and injuries in hockey are available, there seems to be little research dealing with the relationship between the two. Many studies carried out for other purposes, however, provide data that bear on the relationship. This article examines those data and outlines a proposal for a victimization survey designed to overcome some of the methodological problems found in most research associated with this subject., (C) Lippincott-Raven Publishers.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey Education, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McMurtry, John
How competition goes wrong Journal Article
In: Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 8, pp. 201–209, 1991, ISSN: 1468-5930.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{McMurtry1991,
title = {How competition goes wrong},
author = {McMurtry, John},
issn = {1468-5930},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Applied Philosophy},
volume = {8},
pages = {201--209},
abstract = {The article begins by identifying a set of hitherto undisclosed contradictions of meaning and value attributed to a basic structure of our existence competition. It seeks to resolve these contradictions by showing that there are two basic forms of competition not previously distinguished: (1) the dominant model of competition in which pay-offs extrinsic to the activity itself are conferred on one party at the expense of others; and (2) the submerged, spontaneous form of competition in which no structure of extrinsic and exclusionary pay-offs is imposed on the action. Illustrating in terms of a paradigm example, ice-hockey, the analysis shows that the well-known and systematic pathologies of competitive conflict, violence, cheating, authoritarianism, sexism, drug-taking and so on are a law-like consequence of the dominant structure of competition and not a problem of competition as such.},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Colburn, Kenneth Jr.
Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence Journal Article
In: Sociological Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 63–74, 1986, ISSN: 1533-8525.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Colburn1986,
title = {Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence},
author = {Colburn, Kenneth Jr.},
issn = {1533-8525},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Sociological Quarterly},
volume = {27},
pages = {63--74},
address = {Indiana University at Indianapolis},
abstract = {Bensman and Gerver's (1964) theory of structural deviance is employed as a general framework for examining the functional indispensability of the fist-fight in ice-hockey. Qualitative materials concerning the players' viewpoint are analyzed, according to Garfinkel (1967), in terms of a conception of practical decision-making used by players in their commission and interpretation of violent acts on the ice. A sociological explanation of hockey violence is thus offered that emphasizes the situationally relevant and meaningful nature of violence as it is experienced and understood by players. It also formulates the fist-fight as an institutionalized mode of legitimate violence that represents a compromise between conflicting ends within the sport.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Harrell, W Andrew
Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey Journal Article
In: Human Relations, vol. 34, pp. 643–655, 1981.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Harrell1981,
title = {Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey},
author = {Harrell, W Andrew},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Human Relations},
volume = {34},
pages = {643--655},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dunning, E
Social bonding and violence in sport Journal Article
In: Journal of Biosocial Science - Supplement, vol. 7, pp. 5–22, 1981.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression, Sport Psychology
@article{Dunning1981,
title = {Social bonding and violence in sport},
author = {Dunning, E},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Biosocial Science - Supplement},
volume = {7},
pages = {5--22},
keywords = {Aggression, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}