Echemendia, R J; Iverson, G L; McCrea, M; Macciocchi, S N; Gioia, G A; Putukian, M; Comper, P
Advances in neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 294–298, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Echemendia2013,
title = {Advances in neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {Echemendia, R J and Iverson, G L and McCrea, M and Macciocchi, S N and Gioia, G A and Putukian, M and Comper, P},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {47},
pages = {294--298},
address = {Psychological and Neurobehavioral Associates, Inc., , State College, Pennsylvania, USA.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To critically review the literature from the past 12 years regarding the following key issues in sports-related neuropsychological assessment: (1) the advantages and disadvantages of different neuropsychological assessment modalities; (2) the evidence for and against the current paradigm of baseline/postinjury testing; (3) the role of psychological factors in the evaluation and management of concussion; (4) advances in the neuropsychological assessment of children; (5) multi-modal assessment paradigms; (6) the role of the neuropsychologist as part of the sports healthcare team and (6) the appropriate administration and interpretation of neuropsychological tests. DESIGN: Targeted computerised literature review (MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL and PsychInfo) from 2000 to the present using key words: neuropsychological, neurocognitive, assessment, testing, concussion and sports. RESULTS: More than 2600 articles were identified using key word searches of the databases, including many duplicates. Several books were also reviewed. The articles were pared down for review if they specifically addressed the key areas noted above. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional and computerised neuropsychological tests are useful in the evaluation and management of concussion. Brief cognitive evaluation tools are not substitutes for formal neuropsychological assessment. At present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the widespread routine use of baseline neuropsychological testing. Although scant, research suggests that psychological factors may complicate and prolong recovery from concussion in some athletes. Age-appropriate symptom scales for children have been developed but research into age-appropriate tests of cognitive functions lags behind. Neuropsychologists are uniquely qualified to interpret neuropsychological tests and can play an important role within the context of a multifaceted-multimodal approach to manage sports-related concussions.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCrea, M; Iverson, G L; Echemendia, R J; Makdissi, M; Raftery, M
Day of injury assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 272–284, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McCrea2013a,
title = {Day of injury assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {McCrea, M and Iverson, G L and Echemendia, R J and Makdissi, M and Raftery, M},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {47},
pages = {272--284},
address = {Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical review of the literature on instruments currently used in the assessment of sport-related concussion on the day of injury. DATA SOURCES: Computerised searches of the literature posted to MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo and Cochrane Library from 1 January 1982 through 21 August 2012. Key words and medical embedded subheadings (MeSH) terms relevant to sport-related concussion were applied, which identified 577 articles. STUDY SELECTION: In addition to MeSH term and key word criteria, a study was included in the analysis if the article: (1) was published in English, (2) represented original research, (3) pertained to sport-related concussion (ie, not non-sports traumatic brain injury), (4) included assessment or diagnostic data collected within 24 h of the injury event and (5) involved human research. A total of 41 studies qualified for review. DATA EXTRACTION: All articles were examined to determine if the study met the additional requirements for inclusion. A standardised method was used to document critical elements of the study design, population, tests employed and key findings. DATA SYNTHESIS: A large number of studies were analysed that reported data from testing conducted within 24 h of injury. These studies collectively demonstrated that a number of instruments are capable of measuring the acute effects of concussion across several domains, such as symptoms, cognition and balance. RESULTS: Relating to specific assessment domains are compiled in separate tables and an interpretive summary of the findings is provided. CONCLUSIONS: Several well-validated tests are appropriate for use in the assessment of acute concussion in the competitive sporting environment. These tests provide important data on the symptoms and functional impairments that clinicians can incorporate into their diagnostic formulation, but they should not solely be used to diagnose concussion.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLeod, Tamara C Valovich; Leach, Candace
Psychometric properties of self-report concussion scales and checklists Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 47, pp. 221–223, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McLeod2012,
title = {Psychometric properties of self-report concussion scales and checklists},
author = {McLeod, Tamara C Valovich and Leach, Candace},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {47},
pages = {221--223},
address = {Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, 5850 East Still Circle, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA. tmcleod@ atsu.edu.},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Reference/Citation: Alla S, Sullivan SJ, Hale L, McCrory P. Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43 (suppl 1):i3-i12. Clinical Question: Which self-report symptom scales or checklists are psychometrically sound for clinical use to assess sport-related concussion? Data Sources: Articles available in full text, published from the establishment of each database through December 2008, were identified from PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and AMED. Search terms included brain concussion, signs or symptoms, and athletic injuries, in combination with the AND Boolean operator, and were limited to studies published in English. The authors also hand searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. Additional searches of books, conference proceedings, theses, and Web sites of commercial scales were done to provide additional information about the psychometric properties and development for those scales when needed in articles meeting the inclusion criteria. STUDY SELECTION: Articles were included if they identified all the items on the scale and the article was either an original research report describing the use of scales in the evaluation of concussion symptoms or a review article that discussed the use or development of concussion symptom scales. Only articles published in English and available in full text were included. DATA EXTRACTION: From each study, the following information was extracted by the primary author using a standardized protocol: study design, publication year, participant characteristics, reliability of the scale, and details of the scale or checklist, including name, number of items, time of measurement, format, mode of report, data analysis, scoring, and psychometric properties. A quality assessment of included studies was done using 16 items from the Downs and Black checklist1 and assessed reporting, internal validity, and external validity. MAIN RESULTS: The initial database search identified 421 articles. After 131 duplicate articles were removed, 290 articles remained and were added to 17 articles found during the hand search, for a total of 307 articles; of those, 295 were available in full text. Sixty articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in the systematic review. The quality of the included studies ranged from 9 to 15 points out of a maximum quality score of 17. The included articles were published between 1995 and 2008 and included a collective total of 5864 concussed athletes and 5032 nonconcussed controls, most of whom participated in American football. The majority of the studies were descriptive studies monitoring the resolution of concussive self-report symptoms compared with either a preseason baseline or healthy control group, with a smaller number of studies (n = 8) investigating the development of a scale. The authors initially identified 20 scales that were used among the 60 included articles. Further review revealed that 14 scales were variations of the Pittsburgh Steelers postconcussion scale (the Post-Concussion Scale, Post-Concussion Scale: Revised, Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Vienna, Graded Symptom Checklist [GSC], Head Injury Scale, McGill ACE Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale, and CogState Sport Symptom Checklist), narrowing down to 6 core scales, which the authors discussed further. The 6 core scales were the Pittsburgh Steelers Post-Concussion Scale (17 items), Post-Concussion Symptom Assessment Questionnaire (10 items), Concussion Resolution Index postconcussion questionnaire (15 items), Signs and Symptoms Checklist (34 items), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) postconcussion symptom scale (25 items), and Concussion Symptom Inventory (12 items). Each of the 6 core scales includes symptoms associated with sport-related concussion; however, the number of items on each scale varied. A 7-point Likert scale was used on most scales, with a smaller number using a dichotomous (yes/no) classification. Only 7 of the 20 scales had published psychometric properties, and only 1 scale, the Concussion Symptom Inventory, was empirically driven (Rasch analysis), with development of the scale occurring before its clinical use. Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (.87), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item (.88-.94), Head Injury Scale 9-item (.78), and Head Injury Scale 16-item (.84). Test-retest reliability has been reported only for the Post-Concussion Scale (Spearman r = .55) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (Pearson r = .65). With respect to validity, the SCAT postconcussion scale has demonstrated face and content validity, the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item and Head Injury Scale 9-item have reported construct validity, and the Head Injury Scale 9-item and 16-item have published factorial validity. Sensitivity and specificity have been reported only with the GSC (0.89 and 1.0, respectively) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item when combined with the neurocognitive component of ImPACT (0.819 and 0.849, respectively). Meaningful change scores were reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (14.8 points), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22item (6.8 points), and Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (standard error of the difference = 7.17; 80% confidence interval = 9.18). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous scales exist for measuring the number and severity of concussion-related symptoms, with most evolving from the neuropsychology literature pertaining to head-injured populations. However, very few of these were created in a systematic manner that follows scale development processes and have published psychometric properties. Clinicians need to understand these limitations when choosing and using a symptom scale for inclusion in a concussion assessment battery. Future authors should assess the underlying constructs and measurement properties of currently available scales and use the ever-increasing prospective data pools of concussed athlete information to develop scales following appropriate, systematic processes.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Duhaime, A C
Response Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1090–1091, 2012, ISBN: 0022-3085 1933-0693.
BibTeX | Tags: Accident prevention, Assessment & Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness
@article{Duhaime2012,
title = {Response},
author = {Duhaime, A C},
isbn = {0022-3085
1933-0693},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery},
volume = {117},
number = {6},
pages = {1090--1091},
keywords = {Accident prevention, Assessment \& Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bauer, R M; Iverson, G L; Cernich, A N; Binder, L M; Ruff, R M; Naugle, R I
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 27, pp. 362–373, 2012, ISSN: 0887-6177.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Bauer2012,
title = {Computerized neuropsychological assessment devices: Joint Position Paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology},
author = {Bauer, R M and Iverson, G L and Cernich, A N and Binder, L M and Ruff, R M and Naugle, R I},
doi = {10.1093/arclin/acs027},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {27},
pages = {362--373},
abstract = {This joint position paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology sets forth our position on appropriate standards and conventions for computerized neuropsychological assessment devices (CNADs). In this paper, we first define CNADs and distinguish them from examiner-administered neuropsychological instruments. We then set forth position statements on eight key issues relevant to the development and use of CNADs in the healthcare setting. These statements address (a) device marketing and performance claims made by developers of CNADs; (b) issues involved in appropriate end-users for administration and interpretation of CNADs; (c) technical (hardware/software/firmware) issues; (d) privacy, data security, identity verification, and testing environment; (e) psychometric development issues, especially reliability, and validity; (f) cultural, experiential, and disability factors affecting examinee interaction with CNADs; (g) use of computerized testing and reporting services; and (h) the need for checks on response validity and effort in the CNAD environment. This paper is intended to provide guidance for test developers and users of CNADs that will promote accurate and appropriate use of computerized tests in a way that maximizes clinical utility and minimizes risks of misuse. The positions taken in this paper are put forth with an eye toward balancing the need to make validated CNADs accessible to otherwise underserved patients with the need to ensure that such tests are developed and utilized competently, appropriately, and with due concern for patient welfare and quality of care.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shrier, Ian
Neuropsychological testing and concussions: a reasoned approach Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 22, pp. 211–213, 2012.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Shrier2012,
title = {Neuropsychological testing and concussions: a reasoned approach},
author = {Shrier, Ian},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {22},
pages = {211--213},
address = {Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McGregor, S J; Armstrong, W J; Yaggie, J A; Bollt, E M; Parshad, R; Bailey, J J; Johnson, S M; Goin, A M; Kelly, S R
Lower extremity fatigue increases complexity of postural control during a single-legged stance Journal Article
In: Journal of Neuroengineering & Rehabilitation, vol. 8, 2011, ISSN: 1743-0003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McGregor2011,
title = {Lower extremity fatigue increases complexity of postural control during a single-legged stance},
author = {McGregor, S J and Armstrong, W J and Yaggie, J A and Bollt, E M and Parshad, R and Bailey, J J and Johnson, S M and Goin, A M and Kelly, S R},
doi = {43 10.1186/1743-0003-8-43},
issn = {1743-0003},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neuroengineering \& Rehabilitation},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Background: Non-linear approaches to assessment of postural control can provide insight that compliment linear approaches. Control entropy (CE) is a recently developed statistical tool from non-linear dynamical systems used to assess the complexity of non-stationary signals. We have previously used CE of high resolution accelerometry in running to show decreased complexity with exhaustive exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if complexity of postural control decreases following fatiguing exercise using CE. Methods: Ten subjects (5 M/5 F; 25 +/- 3 yr; 169.4 +/- 11.7 cm; 79.0 +/- 16.9 kg) consented to participation approved by Western Oregon University IRB and completed two trials separated by 2-7 days. Trials consisted of two single-legged balance tests separated by two Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT; PreFat/PostFat), or rest period (PreRest/PostRest). Balance tests consisted of a series of five single-legged stances, separated by 30 s rest, performed while standing on the dominant leg for 15-s with the participant crossing the arms over the chest and flexing the non-dominant knee to 90 degrees. High resolution accelerometers (HRA) were fixed superficial to L3/L4 at the approximate center of mass (COM). Triaxial signals from the HRA were streamed in real time at 625 Hz. COM accelerations were recorded in g's for vertical (VT), medial/lateral (ML), and anterior/posterior (AP) axes. A newly developed statistic (R-test) was applied to group response shapes generated by Karhunen Loeve (KL) transform modes resulting from Control Entropy (CE) analysis. Results: R-tests showed a significant mean vector difference (p \< .05) within conditions, between axes in all cases, except PostFat, indicating the shape of the complexity response was different in these cases. R-test between conditions, within axis, differences were only present in PostFat for AP vs. PreFat (p \< .05). T-tests showed a significantly higher overall CE PostFat in VT and ML compared to PreFat and PostRest (p \< .0001). PostFat CE was also higher than PostRest in AP (p \< .0001). Conclusions: These data indicate that fatiguing exercise eliminates the differential complexity response between axes, but increases complexity in all axes compared to the non-fatigued condition. This has implications with regard to the effects of fatigue on strategies of the control system to maintain postural control.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shrier, Ian
Neuropsychological testing is more sensitive than self-reported symptom-related questionnaires for the elicitation of potential concussion-related signs. Letter to the editor Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. NP1, 2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Shrier2011a,
title = {Neuropsychological testing is more sensitive than self-reported symptom-related questionnaires for the elicitation of potential concussion-related signs. Letter to the editor},
author = {Shrier, Ian},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {NP1},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sullivan, S John; Schneiders, Anthony G; Handcock, Phil; Gray, Andrew; McCrory, Paul R
Changes in the timed finger-to-nose task performance following exercise of different intensities Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, pp. 46–48, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Sullivan2011a,
title = {Changes in the timed finger-to-nose task performance following exercise of different intensities},
author = {Sullivan, S John and Schneiders, Anthony G and Handcock, Phil and Gray, Andrew and McCrory, Paul R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
pages = {46--48},
address = {Centre for Physiotherapy Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. sjohn.sullivan@otago.ac.nz},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of exercise intensity on the timed finger-to-nose (FTN) task, a measure of upper limb coordination included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT2). METHODS: A three-group crossover randomised design was used to investigate changes in FTN times at three levels of exercise intensity; no exercise/rest (NE), moderate intensity exercise (ME) and high-intensity exercise (HE). Heart rates and a rating of perceived exertion (Borg Scale) were recorded to verify the level of exercise intensity. Participants performed three trials of the timed FTN task: pre-exercise, post-exercise and 15 min after the cessation of exercise. Linear mixed models were used to compare FTN change scores associated with exercise. RESULTS: Ninety asymptomatic participants (45:45) aged 18-32 years completed the study. Changes in FTN scores from pre-exercise showed that the HE condition was facilitated relative to NE at post-exercise (8% faster, 95% CI 5% to 10%, p\<0.001) and at post-15 (3% faster, 95% CI 1% to 6%},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Krol, Andrea L; Mrazik, Martin; Naidu, Dhiren; Brooks, Brian L; Iverson, Grant L
Assessment of symptoms in a concussion management programme: Method influences outcome Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 25, pp. 1300–1305, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Krol2011,
title = {Assessment of symptoms in a concussion management programme: Method influences outcome},
author = {Krol, Andrea L and Mrazik, Martin and Naidu, Dhiren and Brooks, Brian L and Iverson, Grant L},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {25},
pages = {1300--1305},
address = {University of Alberta , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.},
abstract = {Context: Monitoring of subjective symptoms is the foundation of all sport concussion management programmes. The purpose of this study is to examine methodological variables that impact symptom reporting during baseline testing. Objective: To investigate how the administration method of a concussion assessment tool (self-report vs interview) affects the report of symptoms. Design, setting and participants: This was a cross-sectional, semi-randomized study of 117 athletes. Main outcome measurements: Subjects completed the Post-Concussion Scale during pre-season evaluations. Results: A two-factor ANOVA revealed a significant difference in total symptom scores (p?=?0.02) and number of endorsed symptoms (p?=?0.02) across administration modes. Athletes had a greater total symptom score and reported a greater number of symptoms in the self-administration condition than in the interview condition. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in symptom reporting across interviewer gender. Athletes endorsed more symptoms when the interviewer was a woman. Conclusions: Because the method of collecting symptoms, as well as interviewer gender, can impact test results, self-report measures may be a better way of obtaining consistent results. Clinicians and researchers should be aware that both the nature and extent of symptom reporting is greater when using questionnaires than when athletes are interviewed.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Putukian, Margot
Neuropsychological testing as it relates to recovery from sports-related concussion Journal Article
In: PM & R, vol. 3, pp. S425–32, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Putukian2011,
title = {Neuropsychological testing as it relates to recovery from sports-related concussion},
author = {Putukian, Margot},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {PM \& R},
volume = {3},
pages = {S425--32},
address = {Athletic Medicine, Princeton University; Robert Wood Johnson, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 150 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103(*).},
abstract = {Concussion is a challenging injury for the sports medicine team, and neuropsychological testing has been used as an adjunct to other clinical measures for assessment and management, and to guide return-to-play decisions. Understanding the limitations as well as the role of neuropsychological testing in the evaluation and management of sports-related concussion is important for the sports medicine team. This article will review the evidence regarding the utility of neuropsychological testing as it relates to concussion in sports.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ross, Luke M; Register-Mihalik, Johna K; Mihalik, Jason P; McCulloch, Karen L; Prentice, William E; Shields, Edgar W; Guskiewicz, Kevin M
Effects of a single-task versus a dual-task paradigm on cognition and balance in healthy subjects Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, vol. 20, pp. 296–310, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Ross2011,
title = {Effects of a single-task versus a dual-task paradigm on cognition and balance in healthy subjects},
author = {Ross, Luke M and Register-Mihalik, Johna K and Mihalik, Jason P and McCulloch, Karen L and Prentice, William E and Shields, Edgar W and Guskiewicz, Kevin M},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport Rehabilitation},
volume = {20},
pages = {296--310},
address = {Dept of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Recent evidence has revealed deficiencies in the ability to divide attention after concussion. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a single vs a dual task on cognition and balance in healthy subjects and to examine reliability of 2 dual-task paradigms while examining the overall feasibility of the tasks. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest experimental design. SETTING: Sports medicine research laboratory. PATIENTS: 30 healthy, recreationally active college students. INTERVENTION: Subjects performed balance and cognitive tasks under the single- and dual-task conditions during 2 test sessions 14 d apart. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The procedural reaction-time (PRT) test of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (eyes-closed tasks) and an adapted Procedural Auditory Task (PAT; eyes-open tasks) were used to assess cognition. The NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) were used to assess balance performance. Five 2-way, within-subject ANOVAs and a paired-samples t test were used to analyze the data. ICCs were used to assess reliability across 2 test sessions. RESULTS: On the SOT, performance significantly improved between test sessions (F1},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sosnoff, Jacob J; Broglio, Steven P; Shin, Sunghoon; Ferrara, Michael S
Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 46, pp. 85–91, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Sosnoff2011,
title = {Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics},
author = {Sosnoff, Jacob J and Broglio, Steven P and Shin, Sunghoon and Ferrara, Michael S},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {46},
pages = {85--91},
address = {Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. jsosnoff@illinois.edu},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Postural control and cognitive function are adversely affected by acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Whether postural-control deficits persist beyond the acute stage in individuals with a history of mTBI is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine if postural-control deficits persist in individuals with a history of mTBI. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: University research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: As part of an ongoing investigation examining cognitive and motor deficits associated with mTBI, 224 individuals participated in the study. Of these, 62 participants self-reported at least 1 previous physician-diagnosed mTBI. INTERVENTION(S): Postural control was assessed using the NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) postural-assessment battery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The SOT postural assessment yields 4 indices of postural control: a composite balance score, a visual ratio score, a somatosensory score, and a vestibular score. Postural dynamics were also examined by calculating approximate entropy of center-of-pressure excursions in the anteroposterior and mediolateral axis for each test condition. RESULTS: Minimal differences in the SOT indices were noted among individuals with and without a history of previous mTBI (P \> .05). In the group with a history of mTBI, anteroposterior postural irregularity decreased as postural difficulty increased. In contrast, the group without a history of mTBI displayed increased postural irregularity in the mediolateral direction. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a history of mTBI exhibited altered postural dynamics compared with individuals without a history of mTBI. These findings support the notion that changes in cerebral functioning that affect postural control may persist long after acute injury resolution.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hutchison, Michael; Comper, Paul; Mainwaring, Lynda; Richards, Doug
The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 2331–2337, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Hutchison2011,
title = {The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research},
author = {Hutchison, Michael and Comper, Paul and Mainwaring, Lynda and Richards, Doug},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {2331--2337},
address = {Michael Hutchison, Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada. michael.hutchison@utoronto.ca.},
abstract = {Background: Safe return-to-play decisions after concussion can be challenging for sports medicine specialists. Neuropsychological testing is recommended to objectively measure concussion-related cognitive impairments. Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure cognitive functioning among 3 specific athletic groups: (1) athletes with no injuries (n = 36), (2) athletes with musculoskeletal injuries (n = 18), and (3) athletes with concussion (n = 18). Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Seventy-two intercollegiate athletes completed preseason baseline cognitive testing and follow-up assessment using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) test battery. Injured athletes were tested within 72 hours of injury. A 1-way analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline scores was performed to determine if differences existed in cognitive test scores among the 3 groups. Results: A group of athletes with concussion performed significantly worse than a group of athletes with no injuries on the following subtests of the ANAM at follow-up: Code Substitution Learning, Match to Sample, and Simple Reaction. Athletes with musculoskeletal injuries performed significantly worse than those with no injury on the Match to Sample subtest. No significant differences between athletes with concussion and athletes with musculoskeletal injuries were found on all ANAM subtests. Conclusion: Concussion produces cognitive impairment in the acute recovery period. Interestingly, athletes with musculoskeletal injuries also display a degree of cognitive impairment as measured by computerized tests. Clinical Relevance: Although these findings support previous research that neuropsychological tests can effectively measure concussion-related cognitive impairment, this study provides evidence that athletic injury, in general, also may produce a degree of cognitive disruption. Therefore, a narrow interpretation of scores of neuropsychological tests in a sports concussion context should be avoided.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Johnson, Eric W; Kegel, Nathan E; Collins, Michael W
Neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: Clinics in Sports Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 73–88, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Johnson2011c,
title = {Neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {Johnson, Eric W and Kegel, Nathan E and Collins, Michael W},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Clinics in Sports Medicine},
volume = {30},
pages = {73--88},
address = {Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Concussion Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3200 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. johnsonew@upmc.edu},
abstract = {Assessment of concussion can be challenging for medical practitioners given the different factors associated with each individual injury. The use of neuropsychological testing provides an objective method in the evaluation and management of concussion. Over the last 20 years it has become increasingly useful in the realm of sports concussion and has been deemed a cornerstone of concussion management by the Concussion in Sport group at the International Symposia on Concussion in Sport. Neuropsychological assessment has evolved to using computer-based neurocognitive testing, which has become increasingly common over the last decade, especially in organized sports. Neuropsychological assessment has also proven to be effective in the detection of differences based on several individual factors, including age, gender, and history of prior concussion. Despite its documented value, neuropsychological assessment should be one of several tools used as part of the concussion assessment/management process.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reider, B
Autumn fog Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 2293–2295, 2011, ISBN: 0363-5465.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing, Football (American)
@article{Reider2011,
title = {Autumn fog},
author = {Reider, B},
doi = {10.1177/0363546511427693},
isbn = {0363-5465},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
number = {11},
pages = {2293--2295},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing, Football (American)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Broglio, Steven P
Sport-related concussion: on-field and sideline assessment Journal Article
In: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 22, pp. 603–617, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Guskiewicz2011e,
title = {Sport-related concussion: on-field and sideline assessment},
author = {Guskiewicz, Kevin M and Broglio, Steven P},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation Clinics of North America},
volume = {22},
pages = {603--617},
address = {Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB#8700, South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.},
abstract = {The careful and well-planned sideline assessment of concussion can be the difference between a good and bad outcome when managing sport-related concussion. In most cases, the sideline assessment serves as a triage for determining if an injury, such as a concussion, has actually occurred, and if so, establishes a benchmark for determining whether a more serious and potentially catastrophic condition could be developing. Concussions can evolve into something more serious if signs and symptoms go undetected or are ignored. Although these are very rare events, they must always be at the forefront of the clinician's mind.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Piecora, K; Marcinak, J; Al-Khalil, K; Mroczek, N; Schuster, D; Snyder, A
Fatigue effects on baseline concussion testing Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 26, pp. 520, 2011, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Piecora2011,
title = {Fatigue effects on baseline concussion testing},
author = {Piecora, K and Marcinak, J and Al-Khalil, K and Mroczek, N and Schuster, D and Snyder, A},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {26},
pages = {520},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ponsford, Jennie; Cameron, Peter; Fitzgerald, Mark; Grant, Michele; Mikocka-Walus, Antonina
Long-term outcomes after uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: a comparison with trauma controls Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 28, pp. 937–946, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Ponsford2011,
title = {Long-term outcomes after uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: a comparison with trauma controls},
author = {Ponsford, Jennie and Cameron, Peter and Fitzgerald, Mark and Grant, Michele and Mikocka-Walus, Antonina},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {28},
pages = {937--946},
address = {School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. jennie.ponsford@monash.edu},
abstract = {The question as to whether mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results in persisting sequelae over and above those experienced by individuals sustaining general trauma remains controversial. This prospective study aimed to document outcomes 1 week and 3 months post-injury following mTBI assessed in the emergency department (ED) of a major adult trauma center. One hundred and twenty-three patients presenting with uncomplicated mTBI and 100 matched trauma controls completed measures of post-concussive symptoms and cognitive performance (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing battery; ImPACT) and pre-injury health-related quality of life (SF-36) in the ED. These measures together with measures of psychiatric status (the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview [MINI]) pre- and post-injury, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Visual Analogue Scale for Pain, Functional Assessment Questionnaire, and PTSD Checklist-Specific, were re-administered at follow-up. Participants with mTBI showed significantly more severe post-concussive symptoms in the ED and at 1 week post-injury. They performed more poorly than controls on the Visual Memory subtest of the ImPACT at 1 week and 3 months post-injury. Both the mTBI and control groups recovered well physically, and most were employed 3 months post-injury. There were no significant group differences in psychiatric function. However, the group with mild TBI was more likely to report ongoing memory and concentration problems in daily activities. Further investigation of factors associated with these ongoing problems is warranted.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lau, Brian C; Collins, Michael W; Lovell, Mark R
Sensitivity and specificity of subacute computerized neurocognitive testing and symptom evaluation in predicting outcomes after sports-related concussion Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 1209–1216, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Lau2011,
title = {Sensitivity and specificity of subacute computerized neurocognitive testing and symptom evaluation in predicting outcomes after sports-related concussion},
author = {Lau, Brian C and Collins, Michael W and Lovell, Mark R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {1209--1216},
address = {UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concussions affect an estimated 136 000 high school athletes yearly. Computerized neurocognitive testing has been shown to be appropriately sensitive and specific in diagnosing concussions, but no studies have assessed its utility to predict length of recovery. Determining prognosis during subacute recovery after sports concussion will help clinicians more confidently address return-to-play and academic decisions. PURPOSE: To quantify the prognostic ability of computerized neurocognitive testing in combination with symptoms during the subacute recovery phase from sports-related concussion. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: In sum, 108 male high school football athletes completed a computer-based neurocognitive test battery within 2.23 days of injury and were followed until returned to play as set by international guidelines. Athletes were grouped into protracted recovery (\>14 days; n = 50) or short-recovery (\<=14 days; n = 58). Separate discriminant function analyses were performed using total symptom score on Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, symptom clusters (migraine, cognitive, sleep, neuropsychiatric), and Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing neurocognitive scores (verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, processing speed). RESULTS: Multiple discriminant function analyses revealed that the combination of 4 symptom clusters and 4 neurocognitive composite scores had the highest sensitivity (65.22%), specificity (80.36%), positive predictive value (73.17%), and negative predictive value (73.80%) in predicting protracted recovery. Discriminant function analyses of total symptoms on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale alone had a sensitivity of 40.81%; specificity, 79.31%; positive predictive value, 62.50%; and negative predictive value, 61.33%. The 4 symptom clusters alone discriminant function analyses had a sensitivity of 46.94%; specificity, 77.20%; positive predictive value, 63.90%; and negative predictive value, 62.86%. Discriminant function analyses of the 4 computerized neurocognitive scores alone had a sensitivity of 53.20%; specificity, 75.44%; positive predictive value, 64.10%; and negative predictive value, 66.15%. CONCLUSION: The use of computerized neurocognitive testing in conjunction with symptom clusters results improves sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of predicting protracted recovery compared with each used alone. There is also a net increase in sensitivity of 24.41% when using neurocognitive testing and symptom clusters together compared with using total symptoms on Post-Concussion Symptom Scale alone.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Eckner, James T; Lipps, David B; Kim, Hogene; Richardson, James K; Ashton-Miller, James A
Can a clinical test of reaction time predict a functional head-protective response? Journal Article
In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 43, pp. 382–387, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Eckner2011a,
title = {Can a clinical test of reaction time predict a functional head-protective response?},
author = {Eckner, James T and Lipps, David B and Kim, Hogene and Richardson, James K and Ashton-Miller, James A},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Medicine \& Science in Sports \& Exercise},
volume = {43},
pages = {382--387},
address = {1Department of Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.},
abstract = {PURPOSE: : Reaction time is commonly prolonged after a sport-related concussion. Besides being a marker for injury, a rapid reaction time is necessary for protective maneuvers that can reduce the frequency and severity of additional head impacts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a clinical test of simple visuomotor reaction time predicted the time taken to raise the hands to protect the head from a rapidly approaching ball. METHODS: : Twenty-six healthy adult participants recruited from campus and community recreation and exercise facilities completed two experimental protocols during a single session: a manual visuomotor simple reaction time test (RTclin) and a sport-related head-protective response (RTsprt). RTclin measured the time required to catch a thin vertically oriented device on its release by the tester and was calculated from the distance the device fell before being arrested. RTsprt measured the time required to raise the hands from waist level to block a foam tennis ball fired toward the subject's face from an air cannon and was determined using an optoelectronic camera system. A correlation coefficient was calculated between RTclin and RTsprt, with linear regression used to assess for effect modification by other covariates. RESULTS: : A strong positive correlation was found between RTclin and RTsprt (r = 0.725, P \< 0.001) independent of age, gender, height, or weight. CONCLUSIONS: : RTclin is predictive of a functional sport-related head-protective response. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a clinical test predicting the ability to protect the head in a simulated sport environment. This correlation with a functional head-protective response is a relevant consideration for the potential use of RTclin as part of a multifaceted concussion assessment program.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Coppel, David B
Use of neuropsychological evaluations Journal Article
In: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 22, pp. 653–664, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Coppel2011,
title = {Use of neuropsychological evaluations},
author = {Coppel, David B},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation Clinics of North America},
volume = {22},
pages = {653--664},
address = {Department of Neurosurgery, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359766, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA; Seattle Sports Concussion Program, Box 359721, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.},
abstract = {Neuropsychological or neurocognitive tests provide information regarding the cognitive and emotional status of the concussed athlete. The development and availability of computerized testing platforms has allowed the[NON-BREAKING SPACE]application of baseline and follow-up testing models, and provide a more precise measurement of reaction time and processing speed. A combination of computerized assessment and a more expanded battery of tests may be a better approach to understanding the nature of the cognitive impact of sports concussion in youth athletes. This approach may be especially important for athletes with general risk factors and other potential modifiers or influencers on the cognitive performance data.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moser, Rosemarie Scolaro; Schatz, Philip; Neidzwski, Katherine; Ott, Summer D
Group versus individual administration affects baseline neurocognitive test performance Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 2325–2330, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Moser2011,
title = {Group versus individual administration affects baseline neurocognitive test performance},
author = {Moser, Rosemarie Scolaro and Schatz, Philip and Neidzwski, Katherine and Ott, Summer D},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {2325--2330},
address = {Rosemarie Scolaro Moser, Sports Concussion Center of New Jersey, 3131 Princeton Pike, Bldg 5, 110, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648. moserrs@comcast.net.},
abstract = {Background: Computer-based tests are widely used for the purpose of documenting baseline neurocognitive function, and athletes are often tested in groups. At present, there is limited research on the effects of administering these tests in a group versus individual setting. Hypothesis: Athletes assessed with neurocognitive tests in groups would show decreased performance compared with those assessed individually. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: High school athletes completed preseason baseline neurocognitive tests either in groups in their school or individually in a private neuropsychological clinic (with no significant between-group differences in sex, history of concussion, and attention deficit disorder/learning disability). All athletes completed the ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) test battery on 1 occasion, which yielded scores in the area of verbal memory, visual memory, motor processing speed, reaction time, and symptom scores. Results: Athletes in the group setting scored significantly lower on verbal memory (mean 83.4 vs 86.5; P = .003), visual memory (mean 71.6 vs 76.7; P = .0001), motor processing speed (mean 35.6 vs 38.4; P = .0001), and reaction time (mean 0.61 vs 0.57; P = .001), but not symptom scores (mean 6.1 vs 4.4; P = .11), and exhibited a greater rate of invalid baselines. Similar results were obtained after excluding athletes with attention deficit disorder/learning disability and/or a history of concussion. Conclusion: Administering baseline neurocognitive testing to athletes in a group setting may introduce extraneous error, negatively affecting test performance.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann
Debating the utility of computerised neurocognitive testing in the sports concussion arena Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 23, pp. 134–135, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Shuttleworth-Edwards2011,
title = {Debating the utility of computerised neurocognitive testing in the sports concussion arena},
author = {Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {23},
pages = {134--135},
abstract = {he purpose of this article was to contribute to an argument regarding the utility of computerized baseline and follow up neurocognitive testing within the sports concussion arena. Heated debate around this issue via a number of contributions has appeared recently in the journal Current Sports Medicine Reports, with its use being roundly condemned by one party as ‘scientifically unfounded’ and therefore ‘financially irresponsible’. It is proposed that this vehemently negative viewpoint is located in a ‘smoke and mirrors’ portrayal of the validity of such neurocognitive screening, being substantiated on questionable extrapolations from laboratory type group research to the clinical situation. The stance runs counter to the tenets of modern clinical neuropsychology, and is incompatible with more rigorous scientific pointers from current research. Abreast of the latest concussion in sport consensus recommendations, it is concluded that there is compelling support for the burgeoning use of computerized neurocognitive evaluation in the sports concussion arena as the optimal and most responsible healthcare currently available in this arena.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Randolph, Christopher
Baseline neuropsychological testing in managing sport-related concussion: does it modify risk? Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 21–26, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Randolph2011,
title = {Baseline neuropsychological testing in managing sport-related concussion: does it modify risk?},
author = {Randolph, Christopher},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {21--26},
address = {Department of Neurology, Loyola University Medical Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. crandol@lumc.edu},
abstract = {Baseline neuropsychological testing is mandated at various levels of play for hundreds of thousands of athletes each year. This paper reviews the risks associated with sport-related concussion, and the clinical validity and reliability data for the most commonly used baseline test, the ImPACT program. There is no evidence to suggest that the use of baseline testing alters any risk from sport-related concussion, nor is there even a good rationale as to how such tests might influence outcome. Given the poor sensitivity and low reliability of these measures, they have an associated high false negative rate (i.e., classifying a player's neurocognitive status is normal, when in fact, it is not). The use of baseline neuropsychological testing, therefore, is not likely to diminish risk, and to the extent that there is a risk associated with "premature" return-to-play, the use of these measures even may increase that risk in some cases.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Locklin, Jason; Bunn, Lindsay; Roy, Eric; Danckert, James
Measuring deficits in visually guided action post-concussion Journal Article
In: Sports Medicine, vol. 40, pp. 183–187, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Locklin2010,
title = {Measuring deficits in visually guided action post-concussion},
author = {Locklin, Jason and Bunn, Lindsay and Roy, Eric and Danckert, James},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Sports Medicine},
volume = {40},
pages = {183--187},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.},
abstract = {Recent concussion research has led to the development of computerized test batteries designed to measure working memory and psychomotor speed deficits in acute stage post-concussion. These tests lack a measure of motor control deficits, which may linger well after other symptoms have remitted. For athletes, this may mean returning to play while still uncoordinated or neurologically fragile. The present research involved the development of a visuomotor pointing task designed to induce a speed-accuracy trade off to measure motor planning and execution performance in concussed athletes. Data collected using this tool were contrasted with CogSport, a commercially available computerized test battery designed to assess residual cognitive effects of concussion in athletes. Results suggest that a motor task may be able to detect long-term effects of concussion not measurable with CogSport. If future research can confirm these findings, we suggest that a measure of motor control may need to be added to existing batteries to improve their sensitivity to long term effects.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Norrie, Joan; Heitger, Marcus; Leathem, Janet; Anderson, Tim; Jones, Richard; Flett, Ross
Mild traumatic brain injury and fatigue: a prospective longitudinal study Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 24, pp. 1528–1538, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Norrie2010,
title = {Mild traumatic brain injury and fatigue: a prospective longitudinal study},
author = {Norrie, Joan and Heitger, Marcus and Leathem, Janet and Anderson, Tim and Jones, Richard and Flett, Ross},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {24},
pages = {1528--1538},
address = {Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. j.m.norrie@massey.ac.},
abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To examine fatigue prevalence, severity, predictors and co-variates over 6 months post-mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). RESEARCH DESIGN: Longitudinal prospective study including 263 adults with MTBI. PROCEDURES: Participants completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Short Form 36 Health Survey-Version 2 (SF-36v2). Complete data were available for 159 participants. Key measures; prevalence--RPSQ Item 6: severity--FSS. The effect of time on fatigue prevalence and severity was examined using ANOVA. Multiple regression analysis identified statistically significant covariates. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Post-MTBI fatigue prevalence was 68%, 38% and 34% at 1 week, 3 and 6 months, respectively. There was a strong effect for time over the first 3 months and moderate-to-high correlations between fatigue prevalence and severity. Early fatigue strongly predicted later fatigue; depression, but not anxiety was a predictor. Fatigue was seen as laziness by family or friends in 30% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Post-MTBI fatigue is a persistent post-concussion symptom, exacerbated by depression but not anxiety. It diminishes in the first 3 months and then becomes relatively stable, suggesting the optimum intervention placement is at 3 months or more post-MTBI.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Maerlender, A; Flashman, L; Kessler, A; Kumbhani, S; Greenwald, R; Tosteson, T; McAllister, T
Examination of the construct validity of ImPACT computerized test, traditional, and experimental neuropsychological measures Journal Article
In: Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol. 24, pp. 1309–1325, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Maerlender2010,
title = {Examination of the construct validity of ImPACT computerized test, traditional, and experimental neuropsychological measures},
author = {Maerlender, A and Flashman, L and Kessler, A and Kumbhani, S and Greenwald, R and Tosteson, T and McAllister, T},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Neuropsychologist},
volume = {24},
pages = {1309--1325},
address = {Dept. of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. maerlender@dartmouth.edu},
abstract = {Although computerized neuropsychological screening is becoming a standard for sports concussion identification and management, convergent validity studies are limited. Such studies are important for several reasons: reference to established measures is needed to establish validity; examination of the computerized battery relative to a more traditional comprehensive battery will help understand the strengths and limitations of the computer battery; and such an examination will help inform the output of the computerized battery. We compared scores on the ImPACT battery to a comprehensive battery of traditional neuropsychological measures and several experimental measures used in the assessment of sports-related concussion in 54 healthy male athletes. Convergent validity was demonstrated for four of the five ImPACT domain scores. Two cognitive domains often compromised as a result of mild TBI were not directly identified by the ImPACT battery: sustained attention and auditory working memory. Affective symptoms correlated with performance on measures of attention and working memory. In this healthy sample the correlations between the domains covered by ImPACT and the neuropsychological battery supports ImPACT as a useful screening tool for assessing many of the cognitive factors related to mTBI. However, the data suggest other sources of data need to be considered when identifying and managing concussions.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
De Monte, Veronica Eileen; Geffen, Gina Malke; May, Christopher Randall; McFarland, Ken
Improved sensitivity of the rapid screen of mild traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, vol. 32, pp. 28–37, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{DeMonte2010,
title = {Improved sensitivity of the rapid screen of mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {{De Monte}, Veronica Eileen and Geffen, Gina Malke and May, Christopher Randall and McFarland, Ken},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical \& Experimental Neuropsychology},
volume = {32},
pages = {28--37},
address = {a Cognitive Psychophysiology Laboratory , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.},
abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in an emergency department sample. A total of 246 (186 male, 60 female) cases of mTBI and 102 (65 male and 37 female) cases of orthopedic injuries were tested within 24 hours of injury. Mild TBI patients performed more poorly on all subtests of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC) and completed fewer symbols on Digit Symbol than did orthopedic controls. RSC scores predicted group membership better than chance, and Digit Symbol scores contributed significantly to predicting group membership over and above the contribution of the RSC, resulting in 70.4% sensitivity and 74% specificity for the extended protocol. The results of this study indicate that learning and memory, orientation, and speed of information processing are impaired immediately following mTBI. Furthermore, a brief battery of tests that include word recall, orientation, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test could assess the severity of dysfunction following mTBI, and assist in clinical decision making regarding discharge, return to routine activities, and management of the effects of injury.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Covassin, Tracey; Elbin, Robert J; Stiller-Ostrowski, Jennifer L; Kontos, Anthony P
Immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) practices of sports medicine professionals Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 44, pp. 639–644, 2009.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Covassin2009a,
title = {Immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) practices of sports medicine professionals},
author = {Covassin, Tracey and Elbin, Robert J and Stiller-Ostrowski, Jennifer L and Kontos, Anthony P},
doi = {doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.639},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {44},
pages = {639--644},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Alla, S; Sullivan, S J; Hale, L; McCrory, P
Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 43 Suppl 1, pp. i3–12, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Alla2009,
title = {Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review},
author = {Alla, S and Sullivan, S J and Hale, L and McCrory, P},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {43 Suppl 1},
pages = {i3--12},
address = {Centre for Physiotherapy Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify self-reported sport concussion symptom scales and to describe the psychometric properties of these identified scales. DESIGN: Systematic review. INTERVENTION: PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport Discus, PsycINFO and AMED were searched from their establishment until December 2008. The medical subject heading terms "brain concussion", "signs or symptoms" and "athletic injuries". The search was limited to articles published in English. An additional search of the reference lists of the retrieved articles was conducted. Only full-text articles were considered for this study and these were retrieved to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The initial search resulted in 421 articles, which were reduced to 290 articles after removing duplicates. The hand search resulted in 17 articles, thus giving a total of 307 articles. Full text was available for 295 articles of which 60 met the criteria for inclusion. The excluded 235 articles were case reports, reviews and guidelines on concussion management or studies that had not used a symptom scale or checklist. CONCLUSIONS: Six core scales were identified with a broad range of symptom items but with limited information on their psychometric properties. There were numerous derivative scales reported, most of which have not been methodically developed or subjected to scientific scrutiny. Despite this, they do make a contribution to the detection, assessment and return to play decisions but there is a need for the clinical user to be aware that many of these scales have "evolved" rather than being scientifically developed.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCrory, Paul
Sport concussion assessment tool 2 Journal Article
In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol. 19, pp. 452, 2009.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McCrory2009d,
title = {Sport concussion assessment tool 2},
author = {McCrory, Paul},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Medicine \& Science in Sports},
volume = {19},
pages = {452},
address = {University of Melbourne, Australia. paulmccr@bigpond.net.au},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Green, P; Flaro, L; Courtney, J
Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 23, pp. 741–750, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Green2009,
title = {Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Green, P and Flaro, L and Courtney, J},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {23},
pages = {741--750},
address = {paulgreen@shaw.ca},
abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Many adults with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) fail effort tests, indicating poor effort and invalid test results. However, two studies have suggested a high rate of false positives on the Word Memory Test (WMT) in adults with MTBI. This study examines the question of false positives in adults with MTBI who failed the effort subtests of the WMT. RESEARCH DESIGN: A modified and shortened version of the WMT, the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) was given to adults with MTBI, some of whom failed the WMT. It was also given to samples of schoolchildren in grades two and above, to several hundred children with developmental disabilities and to healthy adults. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Failures on the MSVT were far more frequent in adults with MTBI than in second grade children or in children with developmental disabilities. Adults with MTBI who failed the WMT scored much lower on the MSVT effort subtests than children with a mean FSIQ of 63 and much lower than children with impaired memory. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison with developmentally disabled children on the MSVT suggests that the adults with MTBI who failed the WMT were not making an effort to do well on either the WMT or the MSVT. Their results were invalid. False positives on the WMT in adults with mild TBI are very rare.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ruppert, P D; Gfeller, J D; Hughes, H M; Ross, M J
Investigating the validity of computerized concussion assessment batteries: Comparing the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics Sports Medicine Battery (ASMB) with the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) Journal Article
In: Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol. 23, pp. 69, 2009, ISSN: 1385-4046.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Ruppert2009,
title = {Investigating the validity of computerized concussion assessment batteries: Comparing the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics Sports Medicine Battery (ASMB) with the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT)},
author = {Ruppert, P D and Gfeller, J D and Hughes, H M and Ross, M J},
issn = {1385-4046},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Neuropsychologist},
volume = {23},
pages = {69},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Broglio, Steven P; Zhu, Weimo; Sopiarz, Kay; Park, Youngsik
Generalizability theory analysis of balance error scoring system reliability in healthy young adults Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 44, pp. 497–502, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Broglio2009b,
title = {Generalizability theory analysis of balance error scoring system reliability in healthy young adults},
author = {Broglio, Steven P and Zhu, Weimo and Sopiarz, Kay and Park, Youngsik},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {44},
pages = {497--502},
address = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. broglio@illinois.edu},
abstract = {CONTEXT: An assessment of postural control is commonly included in the clinical concussion evaluation. Previous investigators have demonstrated learning effects that may mask concussion-induced balance decrements. OBJECTIVE: To establish the test-retest reliability of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and to provide recommendations that account for known learning effects. DESIGN: Test-retest generalizability study. SETTING: Balance research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Young adults (n = 48) free from injuries and illnesses known to affect balance. INTERVENTION(S): Each participant completed 5 BESS trials on each of the assessment dates, which were separated by 50 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Total score of the BESS was used in a generalizability theory analysis to estimate the overall reliability of the BESS and that of each facet. A decision study was completed to estimate the number of days and trials needed to establish clinical reliability. RESULTS: The overall reliability of the BESS was G = 0.64. The test-retest reliability was improved when male (0.92) and female (0.91) participants were examined independently. Clinically acceptable reliability (greater than 0.80) was established when 3 BESS trials were administered in a single day or 2 trials were administered at different time points. CONCLUSIONS: Learning effects have been noted in individuals with no previous exposure to the BESS. Our findings indicate that clinicians should consider interpreting the mean score from 3 BESS administrations on a given occasion for both normative data comparison and pretest and posttest design. The multiple assessment technique yields clinically reliable scores and provides the sports medicine practitioner with accurate data for clinical decision making.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLeod, Tamara C V
The value of various assessment techniques in detecting the effects of concussion on cognition, symptoms, and postural control Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 44, pp. 663–665, 2009.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McLeod2009a,
title = {The value of various assessment techniques in detecting the effects of concussion on cognition, symptoms, and postural control},
author = {McLeod, Tamara C V},
doi = {doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.663},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {44},
pages = {663--665},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Slobounov, S; Newell, K; Sebastianelli, W
Virtual reality graphics in a clinical assessment of concussion Journal Article
In: Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, vol. 23, pp. 4, 2008, ISSN: 0885-9701.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Slobounov2008a,
title = {Virtual reality graphics in a clinical assessment of concussion},
author = {Slobounov, S and Newell, K and Sebastianelli, W},
issn = {0885-9701},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation},
volume = {23},
pages = {4},
address = {[Slobounov, Semyon; Newell, Karl; Sebastianelli, Wayne] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, W D
Virtual-reality test reveals hidden concussion damage [update] Journal Article
In: IEEE Spectrum, vol. 45, pp. 14, 2008, ISSN: 0018-9235.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Jones2008,
title = {Virtual-reality test reveals hidden concussion damage [update]},
author = {Jones, W D},
issn = {0018-9235},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Spectrum},
volume = {45},
pages = {14},
abstract = {Autumn is upon us, and in the United States, so is football season. The players, who deliver jarring hits to one another that often equal the force of car wrecks, are lionized for the ability to, in the words of an old watch commercial, \^{A}¿take a licking and keep on ticking.\^{A}¿ But concussions are not uncommon, and new research shows that even when players are symptom-free and have passed a battery of cognitive-function tests, their brains may not have completely recovered and may still be vulnerable to further injury.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Parker, T M; Osternig, L R; van Donkelaar, P; Chou, L S
Balance control during gait in athletes and non-athletes following concussion Journal Article
In: Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 30, pp. 959–967, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Parker2008,
title = {Balance control during gait in athletes and non-athletes following concussion},
author = {Parker, T M and Osternig, L R and van Donkelaar, P and Chou, L S},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Medical Engineering \& Physics},
volume = {30},
pages = {959--967},
abstract = {Current literature provides only limited information regarding performance on dynamic motor tasks following concussion. However, recent investigations have suggested that participation in contact sports may have a negative effect on cognitive function without the existence of a medically diagnosed concussion. The purpose of this study was to examine balance control during gait in concussed and uninjured athletes and non-athletes. Twenty-eight Grade 2 concussed individuals (14 athletes and 14 non-athletes) and 28 uninjured matched controls (14 athletes and 14 non-athletes) were assessed for their gait performance within 48 h, 5, 14, and 28 days post-injury under conditions of divided and undivided attention. Athletes, whether concussed or not, walked slower and swayed more and faster than non-athletes. Athletes consistently demonstrated gait imbalance even in the absence of concussion. The findings of this study support the supposition that participation in high-impact sports has a measurable and possibly detrimental effect on balance control in the absence of a medically diagnosed concussion.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Boutin, David; Lassonde, Maryse; Robert, Manon; Vanassing, Phetsamone; Ellemberg, Dave
Neurophysiological assessment prior to and following sports-related concussion during childhood: a case study Journal Article
In: Neurocase, vol. 14, pp. 239–248, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Boutin2008,
title = {Neurophysiological assessment prior to and following sports-related concussion during childhood: a case study},
author = {Boutin, David and Lassonde, Maryse and Robert, Manon and Vanassing, Phetsamone and Ellemberg, Dave},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Neurocase},
volume = {14},
pages = {239--248},
address = {Department of Psychology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
abstract = {The goal of this study was to measure the neurophysiological and cognitive functions of a sport-concussed child and to longitudinally assess the recovery pattern. An 8-year-old girl suffered a concussion while playing soccer. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded at 7 weeks pre-injury and 24 h, 7, 22, 32 and 55 weeks post-injury. A neuropsychological assessment performed at 24 h post-injury reveals cognitive impairments, mainly attentional, that resolved within 22 weeks. VEPs and spectral analyses confirm the presence of cortical impairments up to 1 year post-injury, especially affecting vigilance and attention, which were reflected in school performance.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zottoli, T M; Barr, W B; Regan, A
Screening for malingering using the Standard Assessment of Concussion Journal Article
In: Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol. 22, pp. 749, 2008, ISSN: 1385-4046.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Zottoli2008,
title = {Screening for malingering using the Standard Assessment of Concussion},
author = {Zottoli, T M and Barr, W B and Regan, A},
issn = {1385-4046},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Neuropsychologist},
volume = {22},
pages = {749},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Iverson, G L; Brooks, B L; Ashton, L
Influence of poor effort on symptom reporting in patients with a post-concussion syndrome Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 23, pp. 708, 2008, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Iverson2008,
title = {Influence of poor effort on symptom reporting in patients with a post-concussion syndrome},
author = {Iverson, G L and Brooks, B L and Ashton, L},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {23},
pages = {708},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gualtieri, C Thomas; Johnson, Lynda G
A computerized test battery sensitive to mild and severe brain injury Journal Article
In: Medscape Journal of Medicine, vol. 10, pp. 90, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Gualtieri2008,
title = {A computerized test battery sensitive to mild and severe brain injury},
author = {Gualtieri, C Thomas and Johnson, Lynda G},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Medscape Journal of Medicine},
volume = {10},
pages = {90},
address = {Department of Neuropsychiatry, North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics, Chapel Hill \& Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. tgualtieri@ncneuropsych.com},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Computerized neurocognitive testing (CNT) appears to be suited to measure relatively mild degrees of neurocognitive impairment in circumstances where speed, efficiency, and low cost are important. Computerized tests are used in the evaluation and management of patients who have had mild brain injuries; the objective is to determine if computerized testing is equally reliable and valid in the evaluation of patients who have had more severe brain injuries. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, naturalistic study of brain injury patients compared with normal controls. SETTING: An outpatient neuropsychiatry clinic. PARTICIPANTS: 141 patients, aged 18-65 years, who had sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBIs): 13 patients with postconcussion syndrome; 15 who had recovered from mild brain injuries; 85 patients who had had severe brain injuries, but who had recovered, and were living independently; and 28 severe brain injury patients who were unable to live without assistance; compared with 145 normal controls. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CNS Vital Signs (CNS VS) battery is a PC-based system that includes tests of verbal and visual memory, psychomotor speed, complex attention, reaction time, and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS: Performance on the CNS VS battery was related to severity of brain injury and degree of recovery. Tests of psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility were the most relevant to TBI status. Patients who had recovered from mild brain injuries scored almost as well as normal controls. The Neurocognition Index (NCI), a summary score based on performance on all the tests in the battery, was 100 for normal controls and 98 for recovered mild brain injury patients. Postconcussive patients scored 82 on the MCI, and severe brain injury patients scored 66 on the NCI if they were living independently and 47 if they were not. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized tests like CNS VS allow clinicians the advantage of precise neurocognitive measurement in the service of diagnosis and appropriate treatment. CNTs are never going to replace the flexibility or comprehensiveness of conventional neuropsychological testing, but they have a role to play in circumstances where a full test battery is not feasible, such as screening and serial assessment.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Valovich McLeod, Tamara C; Bay, R Curtis; Heil, John; McVeigh, Scott D
Identification of sport and recreational activity concussion history through the preparticipation screening and a symptom survey in young athletes Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 18, pp. 235–240, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{ValovichMcLeod2008,
title = {Identification of sport and recreational activity concussion history through the preparticipation screening and a symptom survey in young athletes},
author = {{Valovich McLeod}, Tamara C and Bay, R Curtis and Heil, John and McVeigh, Scott D},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {18},
pages = {235--240},
address = {Athletic Training Program, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA. tmcleod@atsu.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the concussion history of young athletes using three questions on the preparticipation screening (PPS) and a concussion symptom survey (CSS). DESIGN: Descriptive survey. SETTING: Mass high school PPS. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred twenty young athletes. INTERVENTIONS: Athletes were asked about their concussion history using three different questions on the PPS. The CSS, a list of concussion-related symptoms, was also given to assess the history of concussion-related symptoms associated with a previous injury to the head. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive concussion history was determined as a positive response on one of the three PPS questions or any one of the CSS responses and reported as frequencies and percentages. Kappa coefficients were used to evaluate the agreement between the responses on the three PPS questions. RESULTS: There was little agreement among the three PPS questions, with kappa coefficients ranging from kappa = -0.018 to 0.342. Analysis of the CSS revealed that 286 athletes (55.0%) reported having at least one concussion symptom after a head injury. Of those reporting symptoms, 86.4% did not report a concussion history in sport, and 92.7% did not report a concussion history in recreational activities. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of concussion history may depend on the phrasing of questions on the PPS. Simply asking an athlete whether they had a concussion may not adequately identify athletes with concussion histories. Although recommendations have been made to avoid the terminology of ding and bell rung, it seems these terms may be needed to ensure adequate reporting of previous concussions in young athletes.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Comper, P; Richards, D; Mainwaring, L; Hutchison, M
University of Toronto/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Varsity Concussion Program: Specificity and sensitivity of neuropsychological test battery Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. 903–904, 2007, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Comper2007,
title = {University of Toronto/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Varsity Concussion Program: Specificity and sensitivity of neuropsychological test battery},
author = {Comper, P and Richards, D and Mainwaring, L and Hutchison, M},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {903--904},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roebuck-Spencer, Tresa; Sun, Wenyu; Cernich, Alison N; Farmer, Kathy; Bleiberg, Joseph
Assessing change with the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM): Issues and challenges Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. S79–S87, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Roebuck-Spencer2007,
title = {Assessing change with the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM): Issues and challenges},
author = {Roebuck-Spencer, Tresa and Sun, Wenyu and Cernich, Alison N and Farmer, Kathy and Bleiberg, Joseph},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {S79--S87},
abstract = {Accurately documenting cognitive change is important, as neuropsychologists are routinely asked to determine cognitive change following disease progression or medical intervention. Computerized testing batteries, such as the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM), are good tools for assessing change, because they allow for randomization of stimuli, creating near limitless alternate forms and reducing practice effects. The question remains, however, as to how best to determine reliable change in performance using ANAM. The current study compared the use of Reliable Change Index (RCI) and regression based methods (REG) calculated from 28 individuals with migraine. These methods then were applied to an independent sample of 25 individuals with migraine assessed with ANAM at baseline, headache, and following pharmacologic treatment. Traditional repeated measures analyses revealed declines in cognitive efficiency following migraine onset on two of four ANAM tasks and significant improvement on all ANAM tasks following treatment. Rates of deterioration and improvement did not significantly differ between RCI and REG methods, although were slightly different across the ANAM tasks used in this study. A combined ANAM score categorized the most individuals as demonstrating cognitive change, revealing that 60% of subjects declined in performance following headache and 84% improved following migraine treatment. (c) 2006 National Academy of Neuropsychology.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Johnston, Karen M; McCrory, Paul
Predicting slow recovery from sport-related concussion: the new simple-complex distinction Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 17, pp. 330; author reply 330–1; discussion 331, 2007.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Johnston2007,
title = {Predicting slow recovery from sport-related concussion: the new simple-complex distinction},
author = {Johnston, Karen M and McCrory, Paul},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {17},
pages = {330; author reply 330--1; discussion 331},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Edwards, Ann; Whitefield, Vicky
Optimal application of neurocognitive testing in concussion management: A professional dilemma Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 19, pp. 101–102, 2007.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Edwards2007,
title = {Optimal application of neurocognitive testing in concussion management: A professional dilemma},
author = {Edwards, Ann and Whitefield, Vicky},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {19},
pages = {101--102},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lange, R T; Iverson, G L; Franzen, M D
Neuropsychological outcome following complicated vs. uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. 900, 2007, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Lange2007,
title = {Neuropsychological outcome following complicated vs. uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Lange, R T and Iverson, G L and Franzen, M D},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {900},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tombaugh, Tom N; Rees, Laura; Stormer, Peter; Harrison, Allyson G; Smith, Andra
The effects of mild and severe traumatic brain injury on speed of information processing as measured by the computerized tests of information processing (CTIP) Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. 25–36, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Tombaugh2007,
title = {The effects of mild and severe traumatic brain injury on speed of information processing as measured by the computerized tests of information processing (CTIP)},
author = {Tombaugh, Tom N and Rees, Laura and Stormer, Peter and Harrison, Allyson G and Smith, Andra},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {25--36},
abstract = {In spite of the fact that reaction time (RT) measures are sensitive to the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), few RT procedures have been developed for use in standard clinical evaluations. The computerized test of information processing (CTIP) [Tombaugh, T. N., \& Rees, L. (2000). Manual for the computerized tests of information processing (CTIP). Ottawa, Ont.: Carleton University] was designed to measure the degree to which TBI decreases the speed at which information is processed. The CTIP consists of three computerized programs that progressively increase the amount of information that is processed. Results of the current study demonstrated that RT increased as the difficulty of the CTIP tests increased (known as the complexity effect), and as severity of injury increased (from mild to severe TBI). The current study also demonstrated the importance of selecting a non-biased measure of variability. Overall, findings suggest that the CTIP is an easy to administer and sensitive measure of information processing speed.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Echemendia, R J; Iverson, G L; McCrea, M; Macciocchi, S N; Gioia, G A; Putukian, M; Comper, P
Advances in neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 294–298, 2013.
@article{Echemendia2013,
title = {Advances in neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {Echemendia, R J and Iverson, G L and McCrea, M and Macciocchi, S N and Gioia, G A and Putukian, M and Comper, P},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {47},
pages = {294--298},
address = {Psychological and Neurobehavioral Associates, Inc., , State College, Pennsylvania, USA.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To critically review the literature from the past 12 years regarding the following key issues in sports-related neuropsychological assessment: (1) the advantages and disadvantages of different neuropsychological assessment modalities; (2) the evidence for and against the current paradigm of baseline/postinjury testing; (3) the role of psychological factors in the evaluation and management of concussion; (4) advances in the neuropsychological assessment of children; (5) multi-modal assessment paradigms; (6) the role of the neuropsychologist as part of the sports healthcare team and (6) the appropriate administration and interpretation of neuropsychological tests. DESIGN: Targeted computerised literature review (MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL and PsychInfo) from 2000 to the present using key words: neuropsychological, neurocognitive, assessment, testing, concussion and sports. RESULTS: More than 2600 articles were identified using key word searches of the databases, including many duplicates. Several books were also reviewed. The articles were pared down for review if they specifically addressed the key areas noted above. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional and computerised neuropsychological tests are useful in the evaluation and management of concussion. Brief cognitive evaluation tools are not substitutes for formal neuropsychological assessment. At present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the widespread routine use of baseline neuropsychological testing. Although scant, research suggests that psychological factors may complicate and prolong recovery from concussion in some athletes. Age-appropriate symptom scales for children have been developed but research into age-appropriate tests of cognitive functions lags behind. Neuropsychologists are uniquely qualified to interpret neuropsychological tests and can play an important role within the context of a multifaceted-multimodal approach to manage sports-related concussions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCrea, M; Iverson, G L; Echemendia, R J; Makdissi, M; Raftery, M
Day of injury assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 272–284, 2013.
@article{McCrea2013a,
title = {Day of injury assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {McCrea, M and Iverson, G L and Echemendia, R J and Makdissi, M and Raftery, M},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {47},
pages = {272--284},
address = {Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical review of the literature on instruments currently used in the assessment of sport-related concussion on the day of injury. DATA SOURCES: Computerised searches of the literature posted to MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo and Cochrane Library from 1 January 1982 through 21 August 2012. Key words and medical embedded subheadings (MeSH) terms relevant to sport-related concussion were applied, which identified 577 articles. STUDY SELECTION: In addition to MeSH term and key word criteria, a study was included in the analysis if the article: (1) was published in English, (2) represented original research, (3) pertained to sport-related concussion (ie, not non-sports traumatic brain injury), (4) included assessment or diagnostic data collected within 24 h of the injury event and (5) involved human research. A total of 41 studies qualified for review. DATA EXTRACTION: All articles were examined to determine if the study met the additional requirements for inclusion. A standardised method was used to document critical elements of the study design, population, tests employed and key findings. DATA SYNTHESIS: A large number of studies were analysed that reported data from testing conducted within 24 h of injury. These studies collectively demonstrated that a number of instruments are capable of measuring the acute effects of concussion across several domains, such as symptoms, cognition and balance. RESULTS: Relating to specific assessment domains are compiled in separate tables and an interpretive summary of the findings is provided. CONCLUSIONS: Several well-validated tests are appropriate for use in the assessment of acute concussion in the competitive sporting environment. These tests provide important data on the symptoms and functional impairments that clinicians can incorporate into their diagnostic formulation, but they should not solely be used to diagnose concussion.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Duhaime, A C
Response Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1090–1091, 2012, ISBN: 0022-3085 1933-0693.
@article{Duhaime2012,
title = {Response},
author = {Duhaime, A C},
isbn = {0022-3085
1933-0693},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery},
volume = {117},
number = {6},
pages = {1090--1091},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bauer, R M; Iverson, G L; Cernich, A N; Binder, L M; Ruff, R M; Naugle, R I
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 27, pp. 362–373, 2012, ISSN: 0887-6177.
@article{Bauer2012,
title = {Computerized neuropsychological assessment devices: Joint Position Paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology},
author = {Bauer, R M and Iverson, G L and Cernich, A N and Binder, L M and Ruff, R M and Naugle, R I},
doi = {10.1093/arclin/acs027},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {27},
pages = {362--373},
abstract = {This joint position paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology sets forth our position on appropriate standards and conventions for computerized neuropsychological assessment devices (CNADs). In this paper, we first define CNADs and distinguish them from examiner-administered neuropsychological instruments. We then set forth position statements on eight key issues relevant to the development and use of CNADs in the healthcare setting. These statements address (a) device marketing and performance claims made by developers of CNADs; (b) issues involved in appropriate end-users for administration and interpretation of CNADs; (c) technical (hardware/software/firmware) issues; (d) privacy, data security, identity verification, and testing environment; (e) psychometric development issues, especially reliability, and validity; (f) cultural, experiential, and disability factors affecting examinee interaction with CNADs; (g) use of computerized testing and reporting services; and (h) the need for checks on response validity and effort in the CNAD environment. This paper is intended to provide guidance for test developers and users of CNADs that will promote accurate and appropriate use of computerized tests in a way that maximizes clinical utility and minimizes risks of misuse. The positions taken in this paper are put forth with an eye toward balancing the need to make validated CNADs accessible to otherwise underserved patients with the need to ensure that such tests are developed and utilized competently, appropriately, and with due concern for patient welfare and quality of care.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLeod, Tamara C Valovich; Leach, Candace
Psychometric properties of self-report concussion scales and checklists Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 47, pp. 221–223, 2012.
@article{McLeod2012,
title = {Psychometric properties of self-report concussion scales and checklists},
author = {McLeod, Tamara C Valovich and Leach, Candace},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {47},
pages = {221--223},
address = {Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, 5850 East Still Circle, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA. tmcleod@ atsu.edu.},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Reference/Citation: Alla S, Sullivan SJ, Hale L, McCrory P. Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43 (suppl 1):i3-i12. Clinical Question: Which self-report symptom scales or checklists are psychometrically sound for clinical use to assess sport-related concussion? Data Sources: Articles available in full text, published from the establishment of each database through December 2008, were identified from PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and AMED. Search terms included brain concussion, signs or symptoms, and athletic injuries, in combination with the AND Boolean operator, and were limited to studies published in English. The authors also hand searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. Additional searches of books, conference proceedings, theses, and Web sites of commercial scales were done to provide additional information about the psychometric properties and development for those scales when needed in articles meeting the inclusion criteria. STUDY SELECTION: Articles were included if they identified all the items on the scale and the article was either an original research report describing the use of scales in the evaluation of concussion symptoms or a review article that discussed the use or development of concussion symptom scales. Only articles published in English and available in full text were included. DATA EXTRACTION: From each study, the following information was extracted by the primary author using a standardized protocol: study design, publication year, participant characteristics, reliability of the scale, and details of the scale or checklist, including name, number of items, time of measurement, format, mode of report, data analysis, scoring, and psychometric properties. A quality assessment of included studies was done using 16 items from the Downs and Black checklist1 and assessed reporting, internal validity, and external validity. MAIN RESULTS: The initial database search identified 421 articles. After 131 duplicate articles were removed, 290 articles remained and were added to 17 articles found during the hand search, for a total of 307 articles; of those, 295 were available in full text. Sixty articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in the systematic review. The quality of the included studies ranged from 9 to 15 points out of a maximum quality score of 17. The included articles were published between 1995 and 2008 and included a collective total of 5864 concussed athletes and 5032 nonconcussed controls, most of whom participated in American football. The majority of the studies were descriptive studies monitoring the resolution of concussive self-report symptoms compared with either a preseason baseline or healthy control group, with a smaller number of studies (n = 8) investigating the development of a scale. The authors initially identified 20 scales that were used among the 60 included articles. Further review revealed that 14 scales were variations of the Pittsburgh Steelers postconcussion scale (the Post-Concussion Scale, Post-Concussion Scale: Revised, Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Vienna, Graded Symptom Checklist [GSC], Head Injury Scale, McGill ACE Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale, and CogState Sport Symptom Checklist), narrowing down to 6 core scales, which the authors discussed further. The 6 core scales were the Pittsburgh Steelers Post-Concussion Scale (17 items), Post-Concussion Symptom Assessment Questionnaire (10 items), Concussion Resolution Index postconcussion questionnaire (15 items), Signs and Symptoms Checklist (34 items), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) postconcussion symptom scale (25 items), and Concussion Symptom Inventory (12 items). Each of the 6 core scales includes symptoms associated with sport-related concussion; however, the number of items on each scale varied. A 7-point Likert scale was used on most scales, with a smaller number using a dichotomous (yes/no) classification. Only 7 of the 20 scales had published psychometric properties, and only 1 scale, the Concussion Symptom Inventory, was empirically driven (Rasch analysis), with development of the scale occurring before its clinical use. Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (.87), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item (.88-.94), Head Injury Scale 9-item (.78), and Head Injury Scale 16-item (.84). Test-retest reliability has been reported only for the Post-Concussion Scale (Spearman r = .55) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (Pearson r = .65). With respect to validity, the SCAT postconcussion scale has demonstrated face and content validity, the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item and Head Injury Scale 9-item have reported construct validity, and the Head Injury Scale 9-item and 16-item have published factorial validity. Sensitivity and specificity have been reported only with the GSC (0.89 and 1.0, respectively) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item when combined with the neurocognitive component of ImPACT (0.819 and 0.849, respectively). Meaningful change scores were reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (14.8 points), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22item (6.8 points), and Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (standard error of the difference = 7.17; 80% confidence interval = 9.18). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous scales exist for measuring the number and severity of concussion-related symptoms, with most evolving from the neuropsychology literature pertaining to head-injured populations. However, very few of these were created in a systematic manner that follows scale development processes and have published psychometric properties. Clinicians need to understand these limitations when choosing and using a symptom scale for inclusion in a concussion assessment battery. Future authors should assess the underlying constructs and measurement properties of currently available scales and use the ever-increasing prospective data pools of concussed athlete information to develop scales following appropriate, systematic processes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shrier, Ian
Neuropsychological testing and concussions: a reasoned approach Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 22, pp. 211–213, 2012.
@article{Shrier2012,
title = {Neuropsychological testing and concussions: a reasoned approach},
author = {Shrier, Ian},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {22},
pages = {211--213},
address = {Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ross, Luke M; Register-Mihalik, Johna K; Mihalik, Jason P; McCulloch, Karen L; Prentice, William E; Shields, Edgar W; Guskiewicz, Kevin M
Effects of a single-task versus a dual-task paradigm on cognition and balance in healthy subjects Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, vol. 20, pp. 296–310, 2011.
@article{Ross2011,
title = {Effects of a single-task versus a dual-task paradigm on cognition and balance in healthy subjects},
author = {Ross, Luke M and Register-Mihalik, Johna K and Mihalik, Jason P and McCulloch, Karen L and Prentice, William E and Shields, Edgar W and Guskiewicz, Kevin M},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport Rehabilitation},
volume = {20},
pages = {296--310},
address = {Dept of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Recent evidence has revealed deficiencies in the ability to divide attention after concussion. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a single vs a dual task on cognition and balance in healthy subjects and to examine reliability of 2 dual-task paradigms while examining the overall feasibility of the tasks. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest experimental design. SETTING: Sports medicine research laboratory. PATIENTS: 30 healthy, recreationally active college students. INTERVENTION: Subjects performed balance and cognitive tasks under the single- and dual-task conditions during 2 test sessions 14 d apart. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The procedural reaction-time (PRT) test of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (eyes-closed tasks) and an adapted Procedural Auditory Task (PAT; eyes-open tasks) were used to assess cognition. The NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) were used to assess balance performance. Five 2-way, within-subject ANOVAs and a paired-samples t test were used to analyze the data. ICCs were used to assess reliability across 2 test sessions. RESULTS: On the SOT, performance significantly improved between test sessions (F1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lau, Brian C; Collins, Michael W; Lovell, Mark R
Sensitivity and specificity of subacute computerized neurocognitive testing and symptom evaluation in predicting outcomes after sports-related concussion Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 1209–1216, 2011.
@article{Lau2011,
title = {Sensitivity and specificity of subacute computerized neurocognitive testing and symptom evaluation in predicting outcomes after sports-related concussion},
author = {Lau, Brian C and Collins, Michael W and Lovell, Mark R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {1209--1216},
address = {UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concussions affect an estimated 136 000 high school athletes yearly. Computerized neurocognitive testing has been shown to be appropriately sensitive and specific in diagnosing concussions, but no studies have assessed its utility to predict length of recovery. Determining prognosis during subacute recovery after sports concussion will help clinicians more confidently address return-to-play and academic decisions. PURPOSE: To quantify the prognostic ability of computerized neurocognitive testing in combination with symptoms during the subacute recovery phase from sports-related concussion. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: In sum, 108 male high school football athletes completed a computer-based neurocognitive test battery within 2.23 days of injury and were followed until returned to play as set by international guidelines. Athletes were grouped into protracted recovery (\>14 days; n = 50) or short-recovery (\<=14 days; n = 58). Separate discriminant function analyses were performed using total symptom score on Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, symptom clusters (migraine, cognitive, sleep, neuropsychiatric), and Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing neurocognitive scores (verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, processing speed). RESULTS: Multiple discriminant function analyses revealed that the combination of 4 symptom clusters and 4 neurocognitive composite scores had the highest sensitivity (65.22%), specificity (80.36%), positive predictive value (73.17%), and negative predictive value (73.80%) in predicting protracted recovery. Discriminant function analyses of total symptoms on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale alone had a sensitivity of 40.81%; specificity, 79.31%; positive predictive value, 62.50%; and negative predictive value, 61.33%. The 4 symptom clusters alone discriminant function analyses had a sensitivity of 46.94%; specificity, 77.20%; positive predictive value, 63.90%; and negative predictive value, 62.86%. Discriminant function analyses of the 4 computerized neurocognitive scores alone had a sensitivity of 53.20%; specificity, 75.44%; positive predictive value, 64.10%; and negative predictive value, 66.15%. CONCLUSION: The use of computerized neurocognitive testing in conjunction with symptom clusters results improves sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of predicting protracted recovery compared with each used alone. There is also a net increase in sensitivity of 24.41% when using neurocognitive testing and symptom clusters together compared with using total symptoms on Post-Concussion Symptom Scale alone.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Coppel, David B
Use of neuropsychological evaluations Journal Article
In: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 22, pp. 653–664, 2011.
@article{Coppel2011,
title = {Use of neuropsychological evaluations},
author = {Coppel, David B},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation Clinics of North America},
volume = {22},
pages = {653--664},
address = {Department of Neurosurgery, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359766, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA; Seattle Sports Concussion Program, Box 359721, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.},
abstract = {Neuropsychological or neurocognitive tests provide information regarding the cognitive and emotional status of the concussed athlete. The development and availability of computerized testing platforms has allowed the[NON-BREAKING SPACE]application of baseline and follow-up testing models, and provide a more precise measurement of reaction time and processing speed. A combination of computerized assessment and a more expanded battery of tests may be a better approach to understanding the nature of the cognitive impact of sports concussion in youth athletes. This approach may be especially important for athletes with general risk factors and other potential modifiers or influencers on the cognitive performance data.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shrier, Ian
Neuropsychological testing is more sensitive than self-reported symptom-related questionnaires for the elicitation of potential concussion-related signs. Letter to the editor Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. NP1, 2011.
@article{Shrier2011a,
title = {Neuropsychological testing is more sensitive than self-reported symptom-related questionnaires for the elicitation of potential concussion-related signs. Letter to the editor},
author = {Shrier, Ian},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {NP1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sullivan, S John; Schneiders, Anthony G; Handcock, Phil; Gray, Andrew; McCrory, Paul R
Changes in the timed finger-to-nose task performance following exercise of different intensities Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, pp. 46–48, 2011.
@article{Sullivan2011a,
title = {Changes in the timed finger-to-nose task performance following exercise of different intensities},
author = {Sullivan, S John and Schneiders, Anthony G and Handcock, Phil and Gray, Andrew and McCrory, Paul R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
pages = {46--48},
address = {Centre for Physiotherapy Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. sjohn.sullivan@otago.ac.nz},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of exercise intensity on the timed finger-to-nose (FTN) task, a measure of upper limb coordination included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT2). METHODS: A three-group crossover randomised design was used to investigate changes in FTN times at three levels of exercise intensity; no exercise/rest (NE), moderate intensity exercise (ME) and high-intensity exercise (HE). Heart rates and a rating of perceived exertion (Borg Scale) were recorded to verify the level of exercise intensity. Participants performed three trials of the timed FTN task: pre-exercise, post-exercise and 15 min after the cessation of exercise. Linear mixed models were used to compare FTN change scores associated with exercise. RESULTS: Ninety asymptomatic participants (45:45) aged 18-32 years completed the study. Changes in FTN scores from pre-exercise showed that the HE condition was facilitated relative to NE at post-exercise (8% faster, 95% CI 5% to 10%, p\<0.001) and at post-15 (3% faster, 95% CI 1% to 6%},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Krol, Andrea L; Mrazik, Martin; Naidu, Dhiren; Brooks, Brian L; Iverson, Grant L
Assessment of symptoms in a concussion management programme: Method influences outcome Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 25, pp. 1300–1305, 2011.
@article{Krol2011,
title = {Assessment of symptoms in a concussion management programme: Method influences outcome},
author = {Krol, Andrea L and Mrazik, Martin and Naidu, Dhiren and Brooks, Brian L and Iverson, Grant L},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {25},
pages = {1300--1305},
address = {University of Alberta , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.},
abstract = {Context: Monitoring of subjective symptoms is the foundation of all sport concussion management programmes. The purpose of this study is to examine methodological variables that impact symptom reporting during baseline testing. Objective: To investigate how the administration method of a concussion assessment tool (self-report vs interview) affects the report of symptoms. Design, setting and participants: This was a cross-sectional, semi-randomized study of 117 athletes. Main outcome measurements: Subjects completed the Post-Concussion Scale during pre-season evaluations. Results: A two-factor ANOVA revealed a significant difference in total symptom scores (p?=?0.02) and number of endorsed symptoms (p?=?0.02) across administration modes. Athletes had a greater total symptom score and reported a greater number of symptoms in the self-administration condition than in the interview condition. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in symptom reporting across interviewer gender. Athletes endorsed more symptoms when the interviewer was a woman. Conclusions: Because the method of collecting symptoms, as well as interviewer gender, can impact test results, self-report measures may be a better way of obtaining consistent results. Clinicians and researchers should be aware that both the nature and extent of symptom reporting is greater when using questionnaires than when athletes are interviewed.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Putukian, Margot
Neuropsychological testing as it relates to recovery from sports-related concussion Journal Article
In: PM & R, vol. 3, pp. S425–32, 2011.
@article{Putukian2011,
title = {Neuropsychological testing as it relates to recovery from sports-related concussion},
author = {Putukian, Margot},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {PM \& R},
volume = {3},
pages = {S425--32},
address = {Athletic Medicine, Princeton University; Robert Wood Johnson, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 150 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103(*).},
abstract = {Concussion is a challenging injury for the sports medicine team, and neuropsychological testing has been used as an adjunct to other clinical measures for assessment and management, and to guide return-to-play decisions. Understanding the limitations as well as the role of neuropsychological testing in the evaluation and management of sports-related concussion is important for the sports medicine team. This article will review the evidence regarding the utility of neuropsychological testing as it relates to concussion in sports.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sosnoff, Jacob J; Broglio, Steven P; Shin, Sunghoon; Ferrara, Michael S
Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 46, pp. 85–91, 2011.
@article{Sosnoff2011,
title = {Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics},
author = {Sosnoff, Jacob J and Broglio, Steven P and Shin, Sunghoon and Ferrara, Michael S},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {46},
pages = {85--91},
address = {Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. jsosnoff@illinois.edu},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Postural control and cognitive function are adversely affected by acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Whether postural-control deficits persist beyond the acute stage in individuals with a history of mTBI is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine if postural-control deficits persist in individuals with a history of mTBI. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: University research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: As part of an ongoing investigation examining cognitive and motor deficits associated with mTBI, 224 individuals participated in the study. Of these, 62 participants self-reported at least 1 previous physician-diagnosed mTBI. INTERVENTION(S): Postural control was assessed using the NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) postural-assessment battery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The SOT postural assessment yields 4 indices of postural control: a composite balance score, a visual ratio score, a somatosensory score, and a vestibular score. Postural dynamics were also examined by calculating approximate entropy of center-of-pressure excursions in the anteroposterior and mediolateral axis for each test condition. RESULTS: Minimal differences in the SOT indices were noted among individuals with and without a history of previous mTBI (P \> .05). In the group with a history of mTBI, anteroposterior postural irregularity decreased as postural difficulty increased. In contrast, the group without a history of mTBI displayed increased postural irregularity in the mediolateral direction. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a history of mTBI exhibited altered postural dynamics compared with individuals without a history of mTBI. These findings support the notion that changes in cerebral functioning that affect postural control may persist long after acute injury resolution.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McGregor, S J; Armstrong, W J; Yaggie, J A; Bollt, E M; Parshad, R; Bailey, J J; Johnson, S M; Goin, A M; Kelly, S R
Lower extremity fatigue increases complexity of postural control during a single-legged stance Journal Article
In: Journal of Neuroengineering & Rehabilitation, vol. 8, 2011, ISSN: 1743-0003.
@article{McGregor2011,
title = {Lower extremity fatigue increases complexity of postural control during a single-legged stance},
author = {McGregor, S J and Armstrong, W J and Yaggie, J A and Bollt, E M and Parshad, R and Bailey, J J and Johnson, S M and Goin, A M and Kelly, S R},
doi = {43 10.1186/1743-0003-8-43},
issn = {1743-0003},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neuroengineering \& Rehabilitation},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Background: Non-linear approaches to assessment of postural control can provide insight that compliment linear approaches. Control entropy (CE) is a recently developed statistical tool from non-linear dynamical systems used to assess the complexity of non-stationary signals. We have previously used CE of high resolution accelerometry in running to show decreased complexity with exhaustive exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if complexity of postural control decreases following fatiguing exercise using CE. Methods: Ten subjects (5 M/5 F; 25 +/- 3 yr; 169.4 +/- 11.7 cm; 79.0 +/- 16.9 kg) consented to participation approved by Western Oregon University IRB and completed two trials separated by 2-7 days. Trials consisted of two single-legged balance tests separated by two Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT; PreFat/PostFat), or rest period (PreRest/PostRest). Balance tests consisted of a series of five single-legged stances, separated by 30 s rest, performed while standing on the dominant leg for 15-s with the participant crossing the arms over the chest and flexing the non-dominant knee to 90 degrees. High resolution accelerometers (HRA) were fixed superficial to L3/L4 at the approximate center of mass (COM). Triaxial signals from the HRA were streamed in real time at 625 Hz. COM accelerations were recorded in g's for vertical (VT), medial/lateral (ML), and anterior/posterior (AP) axes. A newly developed statistic (R-test) was applied to group response shapes generated by Karhunen Loeve (KL) transform modes resulting from Control Entropy (CE) analysis. Results: R-tests showed a significant mean vector difference (p \< .05) within conditions, between axes in all cases, except PostFat, indicating the shape of the complexity response was different in these cases. R-test between conditions, within axis, differences were only present in PostFat for AP vs. PreFat (p \< .05). T-tests showed a significantly higher overall CE PostFat in VT and ML compared to PreFat and PostRest (p \< .0001). PostFat CE was also higher than PostRest in AP (p \< .0001). Conclusions: These data indicate that fatiguing exercise eliminates the differential complexity response between axes, but increases complexity in all axes compared to the non-fatigued condition. This has implications with regard to the effects of fatigue on strategies of the control system to maintain postural control.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hutchison, Michael; Comper, Paul; Mainwaring, Lynda; Richards, Doug
The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 2331–2337, 2011.
@article{Hutchison2011,
title = {The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research},
author = {Hutchison, Michael and Comper, Paul and Mainwaring, Lynda and Richards, Doug},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {2331--2337},
address = {Michael Hutchison, Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada. michael.hutchison@utoronto.ca.},
abstract = {Background: Safe return-to-play decisions after concussion can be challenging for sports medicine specialists. Neuropsychological testing is recommended to objectively measure concussion-related cognitive impairments. Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure cognitive functioning among 3 specific athletic groups: (1) athletes with no injuries (n = 36), (2) athletes with musculoskeletal injuries (n = 18), and (3) athletes with concussion (n = 18). Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Seventy-two intercollegiate athletes completed preseason baseline cognitive testing and follow-up assessment using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) test battery. Injured athletes were tested within 72 hours of injury. A 1-way analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline scores was performed to determine if differences existed in cognitive test scores among the 3 groups. Results: A group of athletes with concussion performed significantly worse than a group of athletes with no injuries on the following subtests of the ANAM at follow-up: Code Substitution Learning, Match to Sample, and Simple Reaction. Athletes with musculoskeletal injuries performed significantly worse than those with no injury on the Match to Sample subtest. No significant differences between athletes with concussion and athletes with musculoskeletal injuries were found on all ANAM subtests. Conclusion: Concussion produces cognitive impairment in the acute recovery period. Interestingly, athletes with musculoskeletal injuries also display a degree of cognitive impairment as measured by computerized tests. Clinical Relevance: Although these findings support previous research that neuropsychological tests can effectively measure concussion-related cognitive impairment, this study provides evidence that athletic injury, in general, also may produce a degree of cognitive disruption. Therefore, a narrow interpretation of scores of neuropsychological tests in a sports concussion context should be avoided.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Johnson, Eric W; Kegel, Nathan E; Collins, Michael W
Neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: Clinics in Sports Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 73–88, 2011.
@article{Johnson2011c,
title = {Neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {Johnson, Eric W and Kegel, Nathan E and Collins, Michael W},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Clinics in Sports Medicine},
volume = {30},
pages = {73--88},
address = {Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Concussion Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3200 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. johnsonew@upmc.edu},
abstract = {Assessment of concussion can be challenging for medical practitioners given the different factors associated with each individual injury. The use of neuropsychological testing provides an objective method in the evaluation and management of concussion. Over the last 20 years it has become increasingly useful in the realm of sports concussion and has been deemed a cornerstone of concussion management by the Concussion in Sport group at the International Symposia on Concussion in Sport. Neuropsychological assessment has evolved to using computer-based neurocognitive testing, which has become increasingly common over the last decade, especially in organized sports. Neuropsychological assessment has also proven to be effective in the detection of differences based on several individual factors, including age, gender, and history of prior concussion. Despite its documented value, neuropsychological assessment should be one of several tools used as part of the concussion assessment/management process.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reider, B
Autumn fog Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 2293–2295, 2011, ISBN: 0363-5465.
@article{Reider2011,
title = {Autumn fog},
author = {Reider, B},
doi = {10.1177/0363546511427693},
isbn = {0363-5465},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
number = {11},
pages = {2293--2295},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Broglio, Steven P
Sport-related concussion: on-field and sideline assessment Journal Article
In: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 22, pp. 603–617, 2011.
@article{Guskiewicz2011e,
title = {Sport-related concussion: on-field and sideline assessment},
author = {Guskiewicz, Kevin M and Broglio, Steven P},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation Clinics of North America},
volume = {22},
pages = {603--617},
address = {Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB#8700, South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.},
abstract = {The careful and well-planned sideline assessment of concussion can be the difference between a good and bad outcome when managing sport-related concussion. In most cases, the sideline assessment serves as a triage for determining if an injury, such as a concussion, has actually occurred, and if so, establishes a benchmark for determining whether a more serious and potentially catastrophic condition could be developing. Concussions can evolve into something more serious if signs and symptoms go undetected or are ignored. Although these are very rare events, they must always be at the forefront of the clinician's mind.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Piecora, K; Marcinak, J; Al-Khalil, K; Mroczek, N; Schuster, D; Snyder, A
Fatigue effects on baseline concussion testing Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 26, pp. 520, 2011, ISSN: 0887-6177.
@article{Piecora2011,
title = {Fatigue effects on baseline concussion testing},
author = {Piecora, K and Marcinak, J and Al-Khalil, K and Mroczek, N and Schuster, D and Snyder, A},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {26},
pages = {520},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Echemendia, R J; Iverson, G L; McCrea, M; Macciocchi, S N; Gioia, G A; Putukian, M; Comper, P
Advances in neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 294–298, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Echemendia2013,
title = {Advances in neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {Echemendia, R J and Iverson, G L and McCrea, M and Macciocchi, S N and Gioia, G A and Putukian, M and Comper, P},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {47},
pages = {294--298},
address = {Psychological and Neurobehavioral Associates, Inc., , State College, Pennsylvania, USA.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To critically review the literature from the past 12 years regarding the following key issues in sports-related neuropsychological assessment: (1) the advantages and disadvantages of different neuropsychological assessment modalities; (2) the evidence for and against the current paradigm of baseline/postinjury testing; (3) the role of psychological factors in the evaluation and management of concussion; (4) advances in the neuropsychological assessment of children; (5) multi-modal assessment paradigms; (6) the role of the neuropsychologist as part of the sports healthcare team and (6) the appropriate administration and interpretation of neuropsychological tests. DESIGN: Targeted computerised literature review (MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL and PsychInfo) from 2000 to the present using key words: neuropsychological, neurocognitive, assessment, testing, concussion and sports. RESULTS: More than 2600 articles were identified using key word searches of the databases, including many duplicates. Several books were also reviewed. The articles were pared down for review if they specifically addressed the key areas noted above. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional and computerised neuropsychological tests are useful in the evaluation and management of concussion. Brief cognitive evaluation tools are not substitutes for formal neuropsychological assessment. At present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the widespread routine use of baseline neuropsychological testing. Although scant, research suggests that psychological factors may complicate and prolong recovery from concussion in some athletes. Age-appropriate symptom scales for children have been developed but research into age-appropriate tests of cognitive functions lags behind. Neuropsychologists are uniquely qualified to interpret neuropsychological tests and can play an important role within the context of a multifaceted-multimodal approach to manage sports-related concussions.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCrea, M; Iverson, G L; Echemendia, R J; Makdissi, M; Raftery, M
Day of injury assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 272–284, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McCrea2013a,
title = {Day of injury assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {McCrea, M and Iverson, G L and Echemendia, R J and Makdissi, M and Raftery, M},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {47},
pages = {272--284},
address = {Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical review of the literature on instruments currently used in the assessment of sport-related concussion on the day of injury. DATA SOURCES: Computerised searches of the literature posted to MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo and Cochrane Library from 1 January 1982 through 21 August 2012. Key words and medical embedded subheadings (MeSH) terms relevant to sport-related concussion were applied, which identified 577 articles. STUDY SELECTION: In addition to MeSH term and key word criteria, a study was included in the analysis if the article: (1) was published in English, (2) represented original research, (3) pertained to sport-related concussion (ie, not non-sports traumatic brain injury), (4) included assessment or diagnostic data collected within 24 h of the injury event and (5) involved human research. A total of 41 studies qualified for review. DATA EXTRACTION: All articles were examined to determine if the study met the additional requirements for inclusion. A standardised method was used to document critical elements of the study design, population, tests employed and key findings. DATA SYNTHESIS: A large number of studies were analysed that reported data from testing conducted within 24 h of injury. These studies collectively demonstrated that a number of instruments are capable of measuring the acute effects of concussion across several domains, such as symptoms, cognition and balance. RESULTS: Relating to specific assessment domains are compiled in separate tables and an interpretive summary of the findings is provided. CONCLUSIONS: Several well-validated tests are appropriate for use in the assessment of acute concussion in the competitive sporting environment. These tests provide important data on the symptoms and functional impairments that clinicians can incorporate into their diagnostic formulation, but they should not solely be used to diagnose concussion.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLeod, Tamara C Valovich; Leach, Candace
Psychometric properties of self-report concussion scales and checklists Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 47, pp. 221–223, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McLeod2012,
title = {Psychometric properties of self-report concussion scales and checklists},
author = {McLeod, Tamara C Valovich and Leach, Candace},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {47},
pages = {221--223},
address = {Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, 5850 East Still Circle, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA. tmcleod@ atsu.edu.},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Reference/Citation: Alla S, Sullivan SJ, Hale L, McCrory P. Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43 (suppl 1):i3-i12. Clinical Question: Which self-report symptom scales or checklists are psychometrically sound for clinical use to assess sport-related concussion? Data Sources: Articles available in full text, published from the establishment of each database through December 2008, were identified from PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and AMED. Search terms included brain concussion, signs or symptoms, and athletic injuries, in combination with the AND Boolean operator, and were limited to studies published in English. The authors also hand searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. Additional searches of books, conference proceedings, theses, and Web sites of commercial scales were done to provide additional information about the psychometric properties and development for those scales when needed in articles meeting the inclusion criteria. STUDY SELECTION: Articles were included if they identified all the items on the scale and the article was either an original research report describing the use of scales in the evaluation of concussion symptoms or a review article that discussed the use or development of concussion symptom scales. Only articles published in English and available in full text were included. DATA EXTRACTION: From each study, the following information was extracted by the primary author using a standardized protocol: study design, publication year, participant characteristics, reliability of the scale, and details of the scale or checklist, including name, number of items, time of measurement, format, mode of report, data analysis, scoring, and psychometric properties. A quality assessment of included studies was done using 16 items from the Downs and Black checklist1 and assessed reporting, internal validity, and external validity. MAIN RESULTS: The initial database search identified 421 articles. After 131 duplicate articles were removed, 290 articles remained and were added to 17 articles found during the hand search, for a total of 307 articles; of those, 295 were available in full text. Sixty articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in the systematic review. The quality of the included studies ranged from 9 to 15 points out of a maximum quality score of 17. The included articles were published between 1995 and 2008 and included a collective total of 5864 concussed athletes and 5032 nonconcussed controls, most of whom participated in American football. The majority of the studies were descriptive studies monitoring the resolution of concussive self-report symptoms compared with either a preseason baseline or healthy control group, with a smaller number of studies (n = 8) investigating the development of a scale. The authors initially identified 20 scales that were used among the 60 included articles. Further review revealed that 14 scales were variations of the Pittsburgh Steelers postconcussion scale (the Post-Concussion Scale, Post-Concussion Scale: Revised, Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Vienna, Graded Symptom Checklist [GSC], Head Injury Scale, McGill ACE Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale, and CogState Sport Symptom Checklist), narrowing down to 6 core scales, which the authors discussed further. The 6 core scales were the Pittsburgh Steelers Post-Concussion Scale (17 items), Post-Concussion Symptom Assessment Questionnaire (10 items), Concussion Resolution Index postconcussion questionnaire (15 items), Signs and Symptoms Checklist (34 items), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) postconcussion symptom scale (25 items), and Concussion Symptom Inventory (12 items). Each of the 6 core scales includes symptoms associated with sport-related concussion; however, the number of items on each scale varied. A 7-point Likert scale was used on most scales, with a smaller number using a dichotomous (yes/no) classification. Only 7 of the 20 scales had published psychometric properties, and only 1 scale, the Concussion Symptom Inventory, was empirically driven (Rasch analysis), with development of the scale occurring before its clinical use. Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (.87), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item (.88-.94), Head Injury Scale 9-item (.78), and Head Injury Scale 16-item (.84). Test-retest reliability has been reported only for the Post-Concussion Scale (Spearman r = .55) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (Pearson r = .65). With respect to validity, the SCAT postconcussion scale has demonstrated face and content validity, the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item and Head Injury Scale 9-item have reported construct validity, and the Head Injury Scale 9-item and 16-item have published factorial validity. Sensitivity and specificity have been reported only with the GSC (0.89 and 1.0, respectively) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item when combined with the neurocognitive component of ImPACT (0.819 and 0.849, respectively). Meaningful change scores were reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (14.8 points), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22item (6.8 points), and Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (standard error of the difference = 7.17; 80% confidence interval = 9.18). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous scales exist for measuring the number and severity of concussion-related symptoms, with most evolving from the neuropsychology literature pertaining to head-injured populations. However, very few of these were created in a systematic manner that follows scale development processes and have published psychometric properties. Clinicians need to understand these limitations when choosing and using a symptom scale for inclusion in a concussion assessment battery. Future authors should assess the underlying constructs and measurement properties of currently available scales and use the ever-increasing prospective data pools of concussed athlete information to develop scales following appropriate, systematic processes.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Duhaime, A C
Response Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1090–1091, 2012, ISBN: 0022-3085 1933-0693.
BibTeX | Tags: Accident prevention, Assessment & Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness
@article{Duhaime2012,
title = {Response},
author = {Duhaime, A C},
isbn = {0022-3085
1933-0693},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery},
volume = {117},
number = {6},
pages = {1090--1091},
keywords = {Accident prevention, Assessment \& Testing, athlete, Biomechanics, brain concussion, Equipment, headache, Helmets, human, Neck pain, neurosurgery, Note, Post-Concussion, priority journal, sport injury, surgeon, symptom, Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bauer, R M; Iverson, G L; Cernich, A N; Binder, L M; Ruff, R M; Naugle, R I
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 27, pp. 362–373, 2012, ISSN: 0887-6177.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Bauer2012,
title = {Computerized neuropsychological assessment devices: Joint Position Paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology},
author = {Bauer, R M and Iverson, G L and Cernich, A N and Binder, L M and Ruff, R M and Naugle, R I},
doi = {10.1093/arclin/acs027},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {27},
pages = {362--373},
abstract = {This joint position paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology sets forth our position on appropriate standards and conventions for computerized neuropsychological assessment devices (CNADs). In this paper, we first define CNADs and distinguish them from examiner-administered neuropsychological instruments. We then set forth position statements on eight key issues relevant to the development and use of CNADs in the healthcare setting. These statements address (a) device marketing and performance claims made by developers of CNADs; (b) issues involved in appropriate end-users for administration and interpretation of CNADs; (c) technical (hardware/software/firmware) issues; (d) privacy, data security, identity verification, and testing environment; (e) psychometric development issues, especially reliability, and validity; (f) cultural, experiential, and disability factors affecting examinee interaction with CNADs; (g) use of computerized testing and reporting services; and (h) the need for checks on response validity and effort in the CNAD environment. This paper is intended to provide guidance for test developers and users of CNADs that will promote accurate and appropriate use of computerized tests in a way that maximizes clinical utility and minimizes risks of misuse. The positions taken in this paper are put forth with an eye toward balancing the need to make validated CNADs accessible to otherwise underserved patients with the need to ensure that such tests are developed and utilized competently, appropriately, and with due concern for patient welfare and quality of care.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shrier, Ian
Neuropsychological testing and concussions: a reasoned approach Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 22, pp. 211–213, 2012.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Shrier2012,
title = {Neuropsychological testing and concussions: a reasoned approach},
author = {Shrier, Ian},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {22},
pages = {211--213},
address = {Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McGregor, S J; Armstrong, W J; Yaggie, J A; Bollt, E M; Parshad, R; Bailey, J J; Johnson, S M; Goin, A M; Kelly, S R
Lower extremity fatigue increases complexity of postural control during a single-legged stance Journal Article
In: Journal of Neuroengineering & Rehabilitation, vol. 8, 2011, ISSN: 1743-0003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McGregor2011,
title = {Lower extremity fatigue increases complexity of postural control during a single-legged stance},
author = {McGregor, S J and Armstrong, W J and Yaggie, J A and Bollt, E M and Parshad, R and Bailey, J J and Johnson, S M and Goin, A M and Kelly, S R},
doi = {43 10.1186/1743-0003-8-43},
issn = {1743-0003},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neuroengineering \& Rehabilitation},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Background: Non-linear approaches to assessment of postural control can provide insight that compliment linear approaches. Control entropy (CE) is a recently developed statistical tool from non-linear dynamical systems used to assess the complexity of non-stationary signals. We have previously used CE of high resolution accelerometry in running to show decreased complexity with exhaustive exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if complexity of postural control decreases following fatiguing exercise using CE. Methods: Ten subjects (5 M/5 F; 25 +/- 3 yr; 169.4 +/- 11.7 cm; 79.0 +/- 16.9 kg) consented to participation approved by Western Oregon University IRB and completed two trials separated by 2-7 days. Trials consisted of two single-legged balance tests separated by two Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT; PreFat/PostFat), or rest period (PreRest/PostRest). Balance tests consisted of a series of five single-legged stances, separated by 30 s rest, performed while standing on the dominant leg for 15-s with the participant crossing the arms over the chest and flexing the non-dominant knee to 90 degrees. High resolution accelerometers (HRA) were fixed superficial to L3/L4 at the approximate center of mass (COM). Triaxial signals from the HRA were streamed in real time at 625 Hz. COM accelerations were recorded in g's for vertical (VT), medial/lateral (ML), and anterior/posterior (AP) axes. A newly developed statistic (R-test) was applied to group response shapes generated by Karhunen Loeve (KL) transform modes resulting from Control Entropy (CE) analysis. Results: R-tests showed a significant mean vector difference (p \< .05) within conditions, between axes in all cases, except PostFat, indicating the shape of the complexity response was different in these cases. R-test between conditions, within axis, differences were only present in PostFat for AP vs. PreFat (p \< .05). T-tests showed a significantly higher overall CE PostFat in VT and ML compared to PreFat and PostRest (p \< .0001). PostFat CE was also higher than PostRest in AP (p \< .0001). Conclusions: These data indicate that fatiguing exercise eliminates the differential complexity response between axes, but increases complexity in all axes compared to the non-fatigued condition. This has implications with regard to the effects of fatigue on strategies of the control system to maintain postural control.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shrier, Ian
Neuropsychological testing is more sensitive than self-reported symptom-related questionnaires for the elicitation of potential concussion-related signs. Letter to the editor Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. NP1, 2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Shrier2011a,
title = {Neuropsychological testing is more sensitive than self-reported symptom-related questionnaires for the elicitation of potential concussion-related signs. Letter to the editor},
author = {Shrier, Ian},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {NP1},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sullivan, S John; Schneiders, Anthony G; Handcock, Phil; Gray, Andrew; McCrory, Paul R
Changes in the timed finger-to-nose task performance following exercise of different intensities Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, pp. 46–48, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Sullivan2011a,
title = {Changes in the timed finger-to-nose task performance following exercise of different intensities},
author = {Sullivan, S John and Schneiders, Anthony G and Handcock, Phil and Gray, Andrew and McCrory, Paul R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
pages = {46--48},
address = {Centre for Physiotherapy Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. sjohn.sullivan@otago.ac.nz},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of exercise intensity on the timed finger-to-nose (FTN) task, a measure of upper limb coordination included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT2). METHODS: A three-group crossover randomised design was used to investigate changes in FTN times at three levels of exercise intensity; no exercise/rest (NE), moderate intensity exercise (ME) and high-intensity exercise (HE). Heart rates and a rating of perceived exertion (Borg Scale) were recorded to verify the level of exercise intensity. Participants performed three trials of the timed FTN task: pre-exercise, post-exercise and 15 min after the cessation of exercise. Linear mixed models were used to compare FTN change scores associated with exercise. RESULTS: Ninety asymptomatic participants (45:45) aged 18-32 years completed the study. Changes in FTN scores from pre-exercise showed that the HE condition was facilitated relative to NE at post-exercise (8% faster, 95% CI 5% to 10%, p\<0.001) and at post-15 (3% faster, 95% CI 1% to 6%},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Krol, Andrea L; Mrazik, Martin; Naidu, Dhiren; Brooks, Brian L; Iverson, Grant L
Assessment of symptoms in a concussion management programme: Method influences outcome Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 25, pp. 1300–1305, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Krol2011,
title = {Assessment of symptoms in a concussion management programme: Method influences outcome},
author = {Krol, Andrea L and Mrazik, Martin and Naidu, Dhiren and Brooks, Brian L and Iverson, Grant L},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {25},
pages = {1300--1305},
address = {University of Alberta , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.},
abstract = {Context: Monitoring of subjective symptoms is the foundation of all sport concussion management programmes. The purpose of this study is to examine methodological variables that impact symptom reporting during baseline testing. Objective: To investigate how the administration method of a concussion assessment tool (self-report vs interview) affects the report of symptoms. Design, setting and participants: This was a cross-sectional, semi-randomized study of 117 athletes. Main outcome measurements: Subjects completed the Post-Concussion Scale during pre-season evaluations. Results: A two-factor ANOVA revealed a significant difference in total symptom scores (p?=?0.02) and number of endorsed symptoms (p?=?0.02) across administration modes. Athletes had a greater total symptom score and reported a greater number of symptoms in the self-administration condition than in the interview condition. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in symptom reporting across interviewer gender. Athletes endorsed more symptoms when the interviewer was a woman. Conclusions: Because the method of collecting symptoms, as well as interviewer gender, can impact test results, self-report measures may be a better way of obtaining consistent results. Clinicians and researchers should be aware that both the nature and extent of symptom reporting is greater when using questionnaires than when athletes are interviewed.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Putukian, Margot
Neuropsychological testing as it relates to recovery from sports-related concussion Journal Article
In: PM & R, vol. 3, pp. S425–32, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Putukian2011,
title = {Neuropsychological testing as it relates to recovery from sports-related concussion},
author = {Putukian, Margot},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {PM \& R},
volume = {3},
pages = {S425--32},
address = {Athletic Medicine, Princeton University; Robert Wood Johnson, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 150 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103(*).},
abstract = {Concussion is a challenging injury for the sports medicine team, and neuropsychological testing has been used as an adjunct to other clinical measures for assessment and management, and to guide return-to-play decisions. Understanding the limitations as well as the role of neuropsychological testing in the evaluation and management of sports-related concussion is important for the sports medicine team. This article will review the evidence regarding the utility of neuropsychological testing as it relates to concussion in sports.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ross, Luke M; Register-Mihalik, Johna K; Mihalik, Jason P; McCulloch, Karen L; Prentice, William E; Shields, Edgar W; Guskiewicz, Kevin M
Effects of a single-task versus a dual-task paradigm on cognition and balance in healthy subjects Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, vol. 20, pp. 296–310, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Ross2011,
title = {Effects of a single-task versus a dual-task paradigm on cognition and balance in healthy subjects},
author = {Ross, Luke M and Register-Mihalik, Johna K and Mihalik, Jason P and McCulloch, Karen L and Prentice, William E and Shields, Edgar W and Guskiewicz, Kevin M},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport Rehabilitation},
volume = {20},
pages = {296--310},
address = {Dept of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Recent evidence has revealed deficiencies in the ability to divide attention after concussion. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a single vs a dual task on cognition and balance in healthy subjects and to examine reliability of 2 dual-task paradigms while examining the overall feasibility of the tasks. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest experimental design. SETTING: Sports medicine research laboratory. PATIENTS: 30 healthy, recreationally active college students. INTERVENTION: Subjects performed balance and cognitive tasks under the single- and dual-task conditions during 2 test sessions 14 d apart. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The procedural reaction-time (PRT) test of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (eyes-closed tasks) and an adapted Procedural Auditory Task (PAT; eyes-open tasks) were used to assess cognition. The NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) were used to assess balance performance. Five 2-way, within-subject ANOVAs and a paired-samples t test were used to analyze the data. ICCs were used to assess reliability across 2 test sessions. RESULTS: On the SOT, performance significantly improved between test sessions (F1},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sosnoff, Jacob J; Broglio, Steven P; Shin, Sunghoon; Ferrara, Michael S
Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 46, pp. 85–91, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Sosnoff2011,
title = {Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics},
author = {Sosnoff, Jacob J and Broglio, Steven P and Shin, Sunghoon and Ferrara, Michael S},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {46},
pages = {85--91},
address = {Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. jsosnoff@illinois.edu},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Postural control and cognitive function are adversely affected by acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Whether postural-control deficits persist beyond the acute stage in individuals with a history of mTBI is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine if postural-control deficits persist in individuals with a history of mTBI. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: University research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: As part of an ongoing investigation examining cognitive and motor deficits associated with mTBI, 224 individuals participated in the study. Of these, 62 participants self-reported at least 1 previous physician-diagnosed mTBI. INTERVENTION(S): Postural control was assessed using the NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) postural-assessment battery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The SOT postural assessment yields 4 indices of postural control: a composite balance score, a visual ratio score, a somatosensory score, and a vestibular score. Postural dynamics were also examined by calculating approximate entropy of center-of-pressure excursions in the anteroposterior and mediolateral axis for each test condition. RESULTS: Minimal differences in the SOT indices were noted among individuals with and without a history of previous mTBI (P \> .05). In the group with a history of mTBI, anteroposterior postural irregularity decreased as postural difficulty increased. In contrast, the group without a history of mTBI displayed increased postural irregularity in the mediolateral direction. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a history of mTBI exhibited altered postural dynamics compared with individuals without a history of mTBI. These findings support the notion that changes in cerebral functioning that affect postural control may persist long after acute injury resolution.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hutchison, Michael; Comper, Paul; Mainwaring, Lynda; Richards, Doug
The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 2331–2337, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Hutchison2011,
title = {The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research},
author = {Hutchison, Michael and Comper, Paul and Mainwaring, Lynda and Richards, Doug},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {2331--2337},
address = {Michael Hutchison, Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada. michael.hutchison@utoronto.ca.},
abstract = {Background: Safe return-to-play decisions after concussion can be challenging for sports medicine specialists. Neuropsychological testing is recommended to objectively measure concussion-related cognitive impairments. Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure cognitive functioning among 3 specific athletic groups: (1) athletes with no injuries (n = 36), (2) athletes with musculoskeletal injuries (n = 18), and (3) athletes with concussion (n = 18). Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Seventy-two intercollegiate athletes completed preseason baseline cognitive testing and follow-up assessment using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) test battery. Injured athletes were tested within 72 hours of injury. A 1-way analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline scores was performed to determine if differences existed in cognitive test scores among the 3 groups. Results: A group of athletes with concussion performed significantly worse than a group of athletes with no injuries on the following subtests of the ANAM at follow-up: Code Substitution Learning, Match to Sample, and Simple Reaction. Athletes with musculoskeletal injuries performed significantly worse than those with no injury on the Match to Sample subtest. No significant differences between athletes with concussion and athletes with musculoskeletal injuries were found on all ANAM subtests. Conclusion: Concussion produces cognitive impairment in the acute recovery period. Interestingly, athletes with musculoskeletal injuries also display a degree of cognitive impairment as measured by computerized tests. Clinical Relevance: Although these findings support previous research that neuropsychological tests can effectively measure concussion-related cognitive impairment, this study provides evidence that athletic injury, in general, also may produce a degree of cognitive disruption. Therefore, a narrow interpretation of scores of neuropsychological tests in a sports concussion context should be avoided.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Johnson, Eric W; Kegel, Nathan E; Collins, Michael W
Neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion Journal Article
In: Clinics in Sports Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 73–88, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Johnson2011c,
title = {Neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion},
author = {Johnson, Eric W and Kegel, Nathan E and Collins, Michael W},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Clinics in Sports Medicine},
volume = {30},
pages = {73--88},
address = {Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Concussion Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3200 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. johnsonew@upmc.edu},
abstract = {Assessment of concussion can be challenging for medical practitioners given the different factors associated with each individual injury. The use of neuropsychological testing provides an objective method in the evaluation and management of concussion. Over the last 20 years it has become increasingly useful in the realm of sports concussion and has been deemed a cornerstone of concussion management by the Concussion in Sport group at the International Symposia on Concussion in Sport. Neuropsychological assessment has evolved to using computer-based neurocognitive testing, which has become increasingly common over the last decade, especially in organized sports. Neuropsychological assessment has also proven to be effective in the detection of differences based on several individual factors, including age, gender, and history of prior concussion. Despite its documented value, neuropsychological assessment should be one of several tools used as part of the concussion assessment/management process.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reider, B
Autumn fog Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 2293–2295, 2011, ISBN: 0363-5465.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing, Football (American)
@article{Reider2011,
title = {Autumn fog},
author = {Reider, B},
doi = {10.1177/0363546511427693},
isbn = {0363-5465},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
number = {11},
pages = {2293--2295},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing, Football (American)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Broglio, Steven P
Sport-related concussion: on-field and sideline assessment Journal Article
In: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 22, pp. 603–617, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Guskiewicz2011e,
title = {Sport-related concussion: on-field and sideline assessment},
author = {Guskiewicz, Kevin M and Broglio, Steven P},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation Clinics of North America},
volume = {22},
pages = {603--617},
address = {Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB#8700, South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.},
abstract = {The careful and well-planned sideline assessment of concussion can be the difference between a good and bad outcome when managing sport-related concussion. In most cases, the sideline assessment serves as a triage for determining if an injury, such as a concussion, has actually occurred, and if so, establishes a benchmark for determining whether a more serious and potentially catastrophic condition could be developing. Concussions can evolve into something more serious if signs and symptoms go undetected or are ignored. Although these are very rare events, they must always be at the forefront of the clinician's mind.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Piecora, K; Marcinak, J; Al-Khalil, K; Mroczek, N; Schuster, D; Snyder, A
Fatigue effects on baseline concussion testing Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 26, pp. 520, 2011, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Piecora2011,
title = {Fatigue effects on baseline concussion testing},
author = {Piecora, K and Marcinak, J and Al-Khalil, K and Mroczek, N and Schuster, D and Snyder, A},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {26},
pages = {520},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ponsford, Jennie; Cameron, Peter; Fitzgerald, Mark; Grant, Michele; Mikocka-Walus, Antonina
Long-term outcomes after uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: a comparison with trauma controls Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 28, pp. 937–946, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Ponsford2011,
title = {Long-term outcomes after uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: a comparison with trauma controls},
author = {Ponsford, Jennie and Cameron, Peter and Fitzgerald, Mark and Grant, Michele and Mikocka-Walus, Antonina},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {28},
pages = {937--946},
address = {School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. jennie.ponsford@monash.edu},
abstract = {The question as to whether mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results in persisting sequelae over and above those experienced by individuals sustaining general trauma remains controversial. This prospective study aimed to document outcomes 1 week and 3 months post-injury following mTBI assessed in the emergency department (ED) of a major adult trauma center. One hundred and twenty-three patients presenting with uncomplicated mTBI and 100 matched trauma controls completed measures of post-concussive symptoms and cognitive performance (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing battery; ImPACT) and pre-injury health-related quality of life (SF-36) in the ED. These measures together with measures of psychiatric status (the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview [MINI]) pre- and post-injury, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Visual Analogue Scale for Pain, Functional Assessment Questionnaire, and PTSD Checklist-Specific, were re-administered at follow-up. Participants with mTBI showed significantly more severe post-concussive symptoms in the ED and at 1 week post-injury. They performed more poorly than controls on the Visual Memory subtest of the ImPACT at 1 week and 3 months post-injury. Both the mTBI and control groups recovered well physically, and most were employed 3 months post-injury. There were no significant group differences in psychiatric function. However, the group with mild TBI was more likely to report ongoing memory and concentration problems in daily activities. Further investigation of factors associated with these ongoing problems is warranted.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lau, Brian C; Collins, Michael W; Lovell, Mark R
Sensitivity and specificity of subacute computerized neurocognitive testing and symptom evaluation in predicting outcomes after sports-related concussion Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 1209–1216, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Lau2011,
title = {Sensitivity and specificity of subacute computerized neurocognitive testing and symptom evaluation in predicting outcomes after sports-related concussion},
author = {Lau, Brian C and Collins, Michael W and Lovell, Mark R},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {1209--1216},
address = {UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Concussions affect an estimated 136 000 high school athletes yearly. Computerized neurocognitive testing has been shown to be appropriately sensitive and specific in diagnosing concussions, but no studies have assessed its utility to predict length of recovery. Determining prognosis during subacute recovery after sports concussion will help clinicians more confidently address return-to-play and academic decisions. PURPOSE: To quantify the prognostic ability of computerized neurocognitive testing in combination with symptoms during the subacute recovery phase from sports-related concussion. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: In sum, 108 male high school football athletes completed a computer-based neurocognitive test battery within 2.23 days of injury and were followed until returned to play as set by international guidelines. Athletes were grouped into protracted recovery (\>14 days; n = 50) or short-recovery (\<=14 days; n = 58). Separate discriminant function analyses were performed using total symptom score on Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, symptom clusters (migraine, cognitive, sleep, neuropsychiatric), and Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing neurocognitive scores (verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, processing speed). RESULTS: Multiple discriminant function analyses revealed that the combination of 4 symptom clusters and 4 neurocognitive composite scores had the highest sensitivity (65.22%), specificity (80.36%), positive predictive value (73.17%), and negative predictive value (73.80%) in predicting protracted recovery. Discriminant function analyses of total symptoms on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale alone had a sensitivity of 40.81%; specificity, 79.31%; positive predictive value, 62.50%; and negative predictive value, 61.33%. The 4 symptom clusters alone discriminant function analyses had a sensitivity of 46.94%; specificity, 77.20%; positive predictive value, 63.90%; and negative predictive value, 62.86%. Discriminant function analyses of the 4 computerized neurocognitive scores alone had a sensitivity of 53.20%; specificity, 75.44%; positive predictive value, 64.10%; and negative predictive value, 66.15%. CONCLUSION: The use of computerized neurocognitive testing in conjunction with symptom clusters results improves sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of predicting protracted recovery compared with each used alone. There is also a net increase in sensitivity of 24.41% when using neurocognitive testing and symptom clusters together compared with using total symptoms on Post-Concussion Symptom Scale alone.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Eckner, James T; Lipps, David B; Kim, Hogene; Richardson, James K; Ashton-Miller, James A
Can a clinical test of reaction time predict a functional head-protective response? Journal Article
In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 43, pp. 382–387, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Eckner2011a,
title = {Can a clinical test of reaction time predict a functional head-protective response?},
author = {Eckner, James T and Lipps, David B and Kim, Hogene and Richardson, James K and Ashton-Miller, James A},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Medicine \& Science in Sports \& Exercise},
volume = {43},
pages = {382--387},
address = {1Department of Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.},
abstract = {PURPOSE: : Reaction time is commonly prolonged after a sport-related concussion. Besides being a marker for injury, a rapid reaction time is necessary for protective maneuvers that can reduce the frequency and severity of additional head impacts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a clinical test of simple visuomotor reaction time predicted the time taken to raise the hands to protect the head from a rapidly approaching ball. METHODS: : Twenty-six healthy adult participants recruited from campus and community recreation and exercise facilities completed two experimental protocols during a single session: a manual visuomotor simple reaction time test (RTclin) and a sport-related head-protective response (RTsprt). RTclin measured the time required to catch a thin vertically oriented device on its release by the tester and was calculated from the distance the device fell before being arrested. RTsprt measured the time required to raise the hands from waist level to block a foam tennis ball fired toward the subject's face from an air cannon and was determined using an optoelectronic camera system. A correlation coefficient was calculated between RTclin and RTsprt, with linear regression used to assess for effect modification by other covariates. RESULTS: : A strong positive correlation was found between RTclin and RTsprt (r = 0.725, P \< 0.001) independent of age, gender, height, or weight. CONCLUSIONS: : RTclin is predictive of a functional sport-related head-protective response. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a clinical test predicting the ability to protect the head in a simulated sport environment. This correlation with a functional head-protective response is a relevant consideration for the potential use of RTclin as part of a multifaceted concussion assessment program.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Coppel, David B
Use of neuropsychological evaluations Journal Article
In: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 22, pp. 653–664, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Coppel2011,
title = {Use of neuropsychological evaluations},
author = {Coppel, David B},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation Clinics of North America},
volume = {22},
pages = {653--664},
address = {Department of Neurosurgery, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359766, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA; Seattle Sports Concussion Program, Box 359721, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.},
abstract = {Neuropsychological or neurocognitive tests provide information regarding the cognitive and emotional status of the concussed athlete. The development and availability of computerized testing platforms has allowed the[NON-BREAKING SPACE]application of baseline and follow-up testing models, and provide a more precise measurement of reaction time and processing speed. A combination of computerized assessment and a more expanded battery of tests may be a better approach to understanding the nature of the cognitive impact of sports concussion in youth athletes. This approach may be especially important for athletes with general risk factors and other potential modifiers or influencers on the cognitive performance data.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Moser, Rosemarie Scolaro; Schatz, Philip; Neidzwski, Katherine; Ott, Summer D
Group versus individual administration affects baseline neurocognitive test performance Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, pp. 2325–2330, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Moser2011,
title = {Group versus individual administration affects baseline neurocognitive test performance},
author = {Moser, Rosemarie Scolaro and Schatz, Philip and Neidzwski, Katherine and Ott, Summer D},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {39},
pages = {2325--2330},
address = {Rosemarie Scolaro Moser, Sports Concussion Center of New Jersey, 3131 Princeton Pike, Bldg 5, 110, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648. moserrs@comcast.net.},
abstract = {Background: Computer-based tests are widely used for the purpose of documenting baseline neurocognitive function, and athletes are often tested in groups. At present, there is limited research on the effects of administering these tests in a group versus individual setting. Hypothesis: Athletes assessed with neurocognitive tests in groups would show decreased performance compared with those assessed individually. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: High school athletes completed preseason baseline neurocognitive tests either in groups in their school or individually in a private neuropsychological clinic (with no significant between-group differences in sex, history of concussion, and attention deficit disorder/learning disability). All athletes completed the ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) test battery on 1 occasion, which yielded scores in the area of verbal memory, visual memory, motor processing speed, reaction time, and symptom scores. Results: Athletes in the group setting scored significantly lower on verbal memory (mean 83.4 vs 86.5; P = .003), visual memory (mean 71.6 vs 76.7; P = .0001), motor processing speed (mean 35.6 vs 38.4; P = .0001), and reaction time (mean 0.61 vs 0.57; P = .001), but not symptom scores (mean 6.1 vs 4.4; P = .11), and exhibited a greater rate of invalid baselines. Similar results were obtained after excluding athletes with attention deficit disorder/learning disability and/or a history of concussion. Conclusion: Administering baseline neurocognitive testing to athletes in a group setting may introduce extraneous error, negatively affecting test performance.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann
Debating the utility of computerised neurocognitive testing in the sports concussion arena Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 23, pp. 134–135, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Shuttleworth-Edwards2011,
title = {Debating the utility of computerised neurocognitive testing in the sports concussion arena},
author = {Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {23},
pages = {134--135},
abstract = {he purpose of this article was to contribute to an argument regarding the utility of computerized baseline and follow up neurocognitive testing within the sports concussion arena. Heated debate around this issue via a number of contributions has appeared recently in the journal Current Sports Medicine Reports, with its use being roundly condemned by one party as ‘scientifically unfounded’ and therefore ‘financially irresponsible’. It is proposed that this vehemently negative viewpoint is located in a ‘smoke and mirrors’ portrayal of the validity of such neurocognitive screening, being substantiated on questionable extrapolations from laboratory type group research to the clinical situation. The stance runs counter to the tenets of modern clinical neuropsychology, and is incompatible with more rigorous scientific pointers from current research. Abreast of the latest concussion in sport consensus recommendations, it is concluded that there is compelling support for the burgeoning use of computerized neurocognitive evaluation in the sports concussion arena as the optimal and most responsible healthcare currently available in this arena.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Randolph, Christopher
Baseline neuropsychological testing in managing sport-related concussion: does it modify risk? Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 21–26, 2011.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Randolph2011,
title = {Baseline neuropsychological testing in managing sport-related concussion: does it modify risk?},
author = {Randolph, Christopher},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {21--26},
address = {Department of Neurology, Loyola University Medical Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. crandol@lumc.edu},
abstract = {Baseline neuropsychological testing is mandated at various levels of play for hundreds of thousands of athletes each year. This paper reviews the risks associated with sport-related concussion, and the clinical validity and reliability data for the most commonly used baseline test, the ImPACT program. There is no evidence to suggest that the use of baseline testing alters any risk from sport-related concussion, nor is there even a good rationale as to how such tests might influence outcome. Given the poor sensitivity and low reliability of these measures, they have an associated high false negative rate (i.e., classifying a player's neurocognitive status is normal, when in fact, it is not). The use of baseline neuropsychological testing, therefore, is not likely to diminish risk, and to the extent that there is a risk associated with "premature" return-to-play, the use of these measures even may increase that risk in some cases.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Locklin, Jason; Bunn, Lindsay; Roy, Eric; Danckert, James
Measuring deficits in visually guided action post-concussion Journal Article
In: Sports Medicine, vol. 40, pp. 183–187, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Locklin2010,
title = {Measuring deficits in visually guided action post-concussion},
author = {Locklin, Jason and Bunn, Lindsay and Roy, Eric and Danckert, James},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Sports Medicine},
volume = {40},
pages = {183--187},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.},
abstract = {Recent concussion research has led to the development of computerized test batteries designed to measure working memory and psychomotor speed deficits in acute stage post-concussion. These tests lack a measure of motor control deficits, which may linger well after other symptoms have remitted. For athletes, this may mean returning to play while still uncoordinated or neurologically fragile. The present research involved the development of a visuomotor pointing task designed to induce a speed-accuracy trade off to measure motor planning and execution performance in concussed athletes. Data collected using this tool were contrasted with CogSport, a commercially available computerized test battery designed to assess residual cognitive effects of concussion in athletes. Results suggest that a motor task may be able to detect long-term effects of concussion not measurable with CogSport. If future research can confirm these findings, we suggest that a measure of motor control may need to be added to existing batteries to improve their sensitivity to long term effects.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Norrie, Joan; Heitger, Marcus; Leathem, Janet; Anderson, Tim; Jones, Richard; Flett, Ross
Mild traumatic brain injury and fatigue: a prospective longitudinal study Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 24, pp. 1528–1538, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Norrie2010,
title = {Mild traumatic brain injury and fatigue: a prospective longitudinal study},
author = {Norrie, Joan and Heitger, Marcus and Leathem, Janet and Anderson, Tim and Jones, Richard and Flett, Ross},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {24},
pages = {1528--1538},
address = {Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. j.m.norrie@massey.ac.},
abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To examine fatigue prevalence, severity, predictors and co-variates over 6 months post-mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). RESEARCH DESIGN: Longitudinal prospective study including 263 adults with MTBI. PROCEDURES: Participants completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Short Form 36 Health Survey-Version 2 (SF-36v2). Complete data were available for 159 participants. Key measures; prevalence--RPSQ Item 6: severity--FSS. The effect of time on fatigue prevalence and severity was examined using ANOVA. Multiple regression analysis identified statistically significant covariates. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Post-MTBI fatigue prevalence was 68%, 38% and 34% at 1 week, 3 and 6 months, respectively. There was a strong effect for time over the first 3 months and moderate-to-high correlations between fatigue prevalence and severity. Early fatigue strongly predicted later fatigue; depression, but not anxiety was a predictor. Fatigue was seen as laziness by family or friends in 30% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Post-MTBI fatigue is a persistent post-concussion symptom, exacerbated by depression but not anxiety. It diminishes in the first 3 months and then becomes relatively stable, suggesting the optimum intervention placement is at 3 months or more post-MTBI.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Maerlender, A; Flashman, L; Kessler, A; Kumbhani, S; Greenwald, R; Tosteson, T; McAllister, T
Examination of the construct validity of ImPACT computerized test, traditional, and experimental neuropsychological measures Journal Article
In: Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol. 24, pp. 1309–1325, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Maerlender2010,
title = {Examination of the construct validity of ImPACT computerized test, traditional, and experimental neuropsychological measures},
author = {Maerlender, A and Flashman, L and Kessler, A and Kumbhani, S and Greenwald, R and Tosteson, T and McAllister, T},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Neuropsychologist},
volume = {24},
pages = {1309--1325},
address = {Dept. of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. maerlender@dartmouth.edu},
abstract = {Although computerized neuropsychological screening is becoming a standard for sports concussion identification and management, convergent validity studies are limited. Such studies are important for several reasons: reference to established measures is needed to establish validity; examination of the computerized battery relative to a more traditional comprehensive battery will help understand the strengths and limitations of the computer battery; and such an examination will help inform the output of the computerized battery. We compared scores on the ImPACT battery to a comprehensive battery of traditional neuropsychological measures and several experimental measures used in the assessment of sports-related concussion in 54 healthy male athletes. Convergent validity was demonstrated for four of the five ImPACT domain scores. Two cognitive domains often compromised as a result of mild TBI were not directly identified by the ImPACT battery: sustained attention and auditory working memory. Affective symptoms correlated with performance on measures of attention and working memory. In this healthy sample the correlations between the domains covered by ImPACT and the neuropsychological battery supports ImPACT as a useful screening tool for assessing many of the cognitive factors related to mTBI. However, the data suggest other sources of data need to be considered when identifying and managing concussions.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
De Monte, Veronica Eileen; Geffen, Gina Malke; May, Christopher Randall; McFarland, Ken
Improved sensitivity of the rapid screen of mild traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, vol. 32, pp. 28–37, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{DeMonte2010,
title = {Improved sensitivity of the rapid screen of mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {{De Monte}, Veronica Eileen and Geffen, Gina Malke and May, Christopher Randall and McFarland, Ken},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Clinical \& Experimental Neuropsychology},
volume = {32},
pages = {28--37},
address = {a Cognitive Psychophysiology Laboratory , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.},
abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in an emergency department sample. A total of 246 (186 male, 60 female) cases of mTBI and 102 (65 male and 37 female) cases of orthopedic injuries were tested within 24 hours of injury. Mild TBI patients performed more poorly on all subtests of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC) and completed fewer symbols on Digit Symbol than did orthopedic controls. RSC scores predicted group membership better than chance, and Digit Symbol scores contributed significantly to predicting group membership over and above the contribution of the RSC, resulting in 70.4% sensitivity and 74% specificity for the extended protocol. The results of this study indicate that learning and memory, orientation, and speed of information processing are impaired immediately following mTBI. Furthermore, a brief battery of tests that include word recall, orientation, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test could assess the severity of dysfunction following mTBI, and assist in clinical decision making regarding discharge, return to routine activities, and management of the effects of injury.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Covassin, Tracey; Elbin, Robert J; Stiller-Ostrowski, Jennifer L; Kontos, Anthony P
Immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) practices of sports medicine professionals Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 44, pp. 639–644, 2009.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Covassin2009a,
title = {Immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) practices of sports medicine professionals},
author = {Covassin, Tracey and Elbin, Robert J and Stiller-Ostrowski, Jennifer L and Kontos, Anthony P},
doi = {doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.639},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {44},
pages = {639--644},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Alla, S; Sullivan, S J; Hale, L; McCrory, P
Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 43 Suppl 1, pp. i3–12, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Alla2009,
title = {Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review},
author = {Alla, S and Sullivan, S J and Hale, L and McCrory, P},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {43 Suppl 1},
pages = {i3--12},
address = {Centre for Physiotherapy Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify self-reported sport concussion symptom scales and to describe the psychometric properties of these identified scales. DESIGN: Systematic review. INTERVENTION: PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport Discus, PsycINFO and AMED were searched from their establishment until December 2008. The medical subject heading terms "brain concussion", "signs or symptoms" and "athletic injuries". The search was limited to articles published in English. An additional search of the reference lists of the retrieved articles was conducted. Only full-text articles were considered for this study and these were retrieved to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The initial search resulted in 421 articles, which were reduced to 290 articles after removing duplicates. The hand search resulted in 17 articles, thus giving a total of 307 articles. Full text was available for 295 articles of which 60 met the criteria for inclusion. The excluded 235 articles were case reports, reviews and guidelines on concussion management or studies that had not used a symptom scale or checklist. CONCLUSIONS: Six core scales were identified with a broad range of symptom items but with limited information on their psychometric properties. There were numerous derivative scales reported, most of which have not been methodically developed or subjected to scientific scrutiny. Despite this, they do make a contribution to the detection, assessment and return to play decisions but there is a need for the clinical user to be aware that many of these scales have "evolved" rather than being scientifically developed.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McCrory, Paul
Sport concussion assessment tool 2 Journal Article
In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol. 19, pp. 452, 2009.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McCrory2009d,
title = {Sport concussion assessment tool 2},
author = {McCrory, Paul},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Medicine \& Science in Sports},
volume = {19},
pages = {452},
address = {University of Melbourne, Australia. paulmccr@bigpond.net.au},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Green, P; Flaro, L; Courtney, J
Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 23, pp. 741–750, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Green2009,
title = {Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Green, P and Flaro, L and Courtney, J},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {23},
pages = {741--750},
address = {paulgreen@shaw.ca},
abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Many adults with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) fail effort tests, indicating poor effort and invalid test results. However, two studies have suggested a high rate of false positives on the Word Memory Test (WMT) in adults with MTBI. This study examines the question of false positives in adults with MTBI who failed the effort subtests of the WMT. RESEARCH DESIGN: A modified and shortened version of the WMT, the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) was given to adults with MTBI, some of whom failed the WMT. It was also given to samples of schoolchildren in grades two and above, to several hundred children with developmental disabilities and to healthy adults. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Failures on the MSVT were far more frequent in adults with MTBI than in second grade children or in children with developmental disabilities. Adults with MTBI who failed the WMT scored much lower on the MSVT effort subtests than children with a mean FSIQ of 63 and much lower than children with impaired memory. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison with developmentally disabled children on the MSVT suggests that the adults with MTBI who failed the WMT were not making an effort to do well on either the WMT or the MSVT. Their results were invalid. False positives on the WMT in adults with mild TBI are very rare.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ruppert, P D; Gfeller, J D; Hughes, H M; Ross, M J
Investigating the validity of computerized concussion assessment batteries: Comparing the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics Sports Medicine Battery (ASMB) with the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) Journal Article
In: Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol. 23, pp. 69, 2009, ISSN: 1385-4046.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Ruppert2009,
title = {Investigating the validity of computerized concussion assessment batteries: Comparing the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics Sports Medicine Battery (ASMB) with the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT)},
author = {Ruppert, P D and Gfeller, J D and Hughes, H M and Ross, M J},
issn = {1385-4046},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Neuropsychologist},
volume = {23},
pages = {69},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Broglio, Steven P; Zhu, Weimo; Sopiarz, Kay; Park, Youngsik
Generalizability theory analysis of balance error scoring system reliability in healthy young adults Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 44, pp. 497–502, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Broglio2009b,
title = {Generalizability theory analysis of balance error scoring system reliability in healthy young adults},
author = {Broglio, Steven P and Zhu, Weimo and Sopiarz, Kay and Park, Youngsik},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {44},
pages = {497--502},
address = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. broglio@illinois.edu},
abstract = {CONTEXT: An assessment of postural control is commonly included in the clinical concussion evaluation. Previous investigators have demonstrated learning effects that may mask concussion-induced balance decrements. OBJECTIVE: To establish the test-retest reliability of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and to provide recommendations that account for known learning effects. DESIGN: Test-retest generalizability study. SETTING: Balance research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Young adults (n = 48) free from injuries and illnesses known to affect balance. INTERVENTION(S): Each participant completed 5 BESS trials on each of the assessment dates, which were separated by 50 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Total score of the BESS was used in a generalizability theory analysis to estimate the overall reliability of the BESS and that of each facet. A decision study was completed to estimate the number of days and trials needed to establish clinical reliability. RESULTS: The overall reliability of the BESS was G = 0.64. The test-retest reliability was improved when male (0.92) and female (0.91) participants were examined independently. Clinically acceptable reliability (greater than 0.80) was established when 3 BESS trials were administered in a single day or 2 trials were administered at different time points. CONCLUSIONS: Learning effects have been noted in individuals with no previous exposure to the BESS. Our findings indicate that clinicians should consider interpreting the mean score from 3 BESS administrations on a given occasion for both normative data comparison and pretest and posttest design. The multiple assessment technique yields clinically reliable scores and provides the sports medicine practitioner with accurate data for clinical decision making.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLeod, Tamara C V
The value of various assessment techniques in detecting the effects of concussion on cognition, symptoms, and postural control Journal Article
In: Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 44, pp. 663–665, 2009.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{McLeod2009a,
title = {The value of various assessment techniques in detecting the effects of concussion on cognition, symptoms, and postural control},
author = {McLeod, Tamara C V},
doi = {doi:10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.663},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Athletic Training},
volume = {44},
pages = {663--665},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Slobounov, S; Newell, K; Sebastianelli, W
Virtual reality graphics in a clinical assessment of concussion Journal Article
In: Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, vol. 23, pp. 4, 2008, ISSN: 0885-9701.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Slobounov2008a,
title = {Virtual reality graphics in a clinical assessment of concussion},
author = {Slobounov, S and Newell, K and Sebastianelli, W},
issn = {0885-9701},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation},
volume = {23},
pages = {4},
address = {[Slobounov, Semyon; Newell, Karl; Sebastianelli, Wayne] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, W D
Virtual-reality test reveals hidden concussion damage [update] Journal Article
In: IEEE Spectrum, vol. 45, pp. 14, 2008, ISSN: 0018-9235.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Jones2008,
title = {Virtual-reality test reveals hidden concussion damage [update]},
author = {Jones, W D},
issn = {0018-9235},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Spectrum},
volume = {45},
pages = {14},
abstract = {Autumn is upon us, and in the United States, so is football season. The players, who deliver jarring hits to one another that often equal the force of car wrecks, are lionized for the ability to, in the words of an old watch commercial, \^{A}¿take a licking and keep on ticking.\^{A}¿ But concussions are not uncommon, and new research shows that even when players are symptom-free and have passed a battery of cognitive-function tests, their brains may not have completely recovered and may still be vulnerable to further injury.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Parker, T M; Osternig, L R; van Donkelaar, P; Chou, L S
Balance control during gait in athletes and non-athletes following concussion Journal Article
In: Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 30, pp. 959–967, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Parker2008,
title = {Balance control during gait in athletes and non-athletes following concussion},
author = {Parker, T M and Osternig, L R and van Donkelaar, P and Chou, L S},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Medical Engineering \& Physics},
volume = {30},
pages = {959--967},
abstract = {Current literature provides only limited information regarding performance on dynamic motor tasks following concussion. However, recent investigations have suggested that participation in contact sports may have a negative effect on cognitive function without the existence of a medically diagnosed concussion. The purpose of this study was to examine balance control during gait in concussed and uninjured athletes and non-athletes. Twenty-eight Grade 2 concussed individuals (14 athletes and 14 non-athletes) and 28 uninjured matched controls (14 athletes and 14 non-athletes) were assessed for their gait performance within 48 h, 5, 14, and 28 days post-injury under conditions of divided and undivided attention. Athletes, whether concussed or not, walked slower and swayed more and faster than non-athletes. Athletes consistently demonstrated gait imbalance even in the absence of concussion. The findings of this study support the supposition that participation in high-impact sports has a measurable and possibly detrimental effect on balance control in the absence of a medically diagnosed concussion.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Boutin, David; Lassonde, Maryse; Robert, Manon; Vanassing, Phetsamone; Ellemberg, Dave
Neurophysiological assessment prior to and following sports-related concussion during childhood: a case study Journal Article
In: Neurocase, vol. 14, pp. 239–248, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Boutin2008,
title = {Neurophysiological assessment prior to and following sports-related concussion during childhood: a case study},
author = {Boutin, David and Lassonde, Maryse and Robert, Manon and Vanassing, Phetsamone and Ellemberg, Dave},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Neurocase},
volume = {14},
pages = {239--248},
address = {Department of Psychology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
abstract = {The goal of this study was to measure the neurophysiological and cognitive functions of a sport-concussed child and to longitudinally assess the recovery pattern. An 8-year-old girl suffered a concussion while playing soccer. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded at 7 weeks pre-injury and 24 h, 7, 22, 32 and 55 weeks post-injury. A neuropsychological assessment performed at 24 h post-injury reveals cognitive impairments, mainly attentional, that resolved within 22 weeks. VEPs and spectral analyses confirm the presence of cortical impairments up to 1 year post-injury, especially affecting vigilance and attention, which were reflected in school performance.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zottoli, T M; Barr, W B; Regan, A
Screening for malingering using the Standard Assessment of Concussion Journal Article
In: Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol. 22, pp. 749, 2008, ISSN: 1385-4046.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Zottoli2008,
title = {Screening for malingering using the Standard Assessment of Concussion},
author = {Zottoli, T M and Barr, W B and Regan, A},
issn = {1385-4046},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Neuropsychologist},
volume = {22},
pages = {749},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Iverson, G L; Brooks, B L; Ashton, L
Influence of poor effort on symptom reporting in patients with a post-concussion syndrome Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 23, pp. 708, 2008, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Iverson2008,
title = {Influence of poor effort on symptom reporting in patients with a post-concussion syndrome},
author = {Iverson, G L and Brooks, B L and Ashton, L},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {23},
pages = {708},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gualtieri, C Thomas; Johnson, Lynda G
A computerized test battery sensitive to mild and severe brain injury Journal Article
In: Medscape Journal of Medicine, vol. 10, pp. 90, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Gualtieri2008,
title = {A computerized test battery sensitive to mild and severe brain injury},
author = {Gualtieri, C Thomas and Johnson, Lynda G},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Medscape Journal of Medicine},
volume = {10},
pages = {90},
address = {Department of Neuropsychiatry, North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics, Chapel Hill \& Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. tgualtieri@ncneuropsych.com},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Computerized neurocognitive testing (CNT) appears to be suited to measure relatively mild degrees of neurocognitive impairment in circumstances where speed, efficiency, and low cost are important. Computerized tests are used in the evaluation and management of patients who have had mild brain injuries; the objective is to determine if computerized testing is equally reliable and valid in the evaluation of patients who have had more severe brain injuries. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, naturalistic study of brain injury patients compared with normal controls. SETTING: An outpatient neuropsychiatry clinic. PARTICIPANTS: 141 patients, aged 18-65 years, who had sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBIs): 13 patients with postconcussion syndrome; 15 who had recovered from mild brain injuries; 85 patients who had had severe brain injuries, but who had recovered, and were living independently; and 28 severe brain injury patients who were unable to live without assistance; compared with 145 normal controls. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CNS Vital Signs (CNS VS) battery is a PC-based system that includes tests of verbal and visual memory, psychomotor speed, complex attention, reaction time, and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS: Performance on the CNS VS battery was related to severity of brain injury and degree of recovery. Tests of psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility were the most relevant to TBI status. Patients who had recovered from mild brain injuries scored almost as well as normal controls. The Neurocognition Index (NCI), a summary score based on performance on all the tests in the battery, was 100 for normal controls and 98 for recovered mild brain injury patients. Postconcussive patients scored 82 on the MCI, and severe brain injury patients scored 66 on the NCI if they were living independently and 47 if they were not. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized tests like CNS VS allow clinicians the advantage of precise neurocognitive measurement in the service of diagnosis and appropriate treatment. CNTs are never going to replace the flexibility or comprehensiveness of conventional neuropsychological testing, but they have a role to play in circumstances where a full test battery is not feasible, such as screening and serial assessment.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Valovich McLeod, Tamara C; Bay, R Curtis; Heil, John; McVeigh, Scott D
Identification of sport and recreational activity concussion history through the preparticipation screening and a symptom survey in young athletes Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 18, pp. 235–240, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{ValovichMcLeod2008,
title = {Identification of sport and recreational activity concussion history through the preparticipation screening and a symptom survey in young athletes},
author = {{Valovich McLeod}, Tamara C and Bay, R Curtis and Heil, John and McVeigh, Scott D},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {18},
pages = {235--240},
address = {Athletic Training Program, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA. tmcleod@atsu.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the concussion history of young athletes using three questions on the preparticipation screening (PPS) and a concussion symptom survey (CSS). DESIGN: Descriptive survey. SETTING: Mass high school PPS. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred twenty young athletes. INTERVENTIONS: Athletes were asked about their concussion history using three different questions on the PPS. The CSS, a list of concussion-related symptoms, was also given to assess the history of concussion-related symptoms associated with a previous injury to the head. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive concussion history was determined as a positive response on one of the three PPS questions or any one of the CSS responses and reported as frequencies and percentages. Kappa coefficients were used to evaluate the agreement between the responses on the three PPS questions. RESULTS: There was little agreement among the three PPS questions, with kappa coefficients ranging from kappa = -0.018 to 0.342. Analysis of the CSS revealed that 286 athletes (55.0%) reported having at least one concussion symptom after a head injury. Of those reporting symptoms, 86.4% did not report a concussion history in sport, and 92.7% did not report a concussion history in recreational activities. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of concussion history may depend on the phrasing of questions on the PPS. Simply asking an athlete whether they had a concussion may not adequately identify athletes with concussion histories. Although recommendations have been made to avoid the terminology of ding and bell rung, it seems these terms may be needed to ensure adequate reporting of previous concussions in young athletes.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Comper, P; Richards, D; Mainwaring, L; Hutchison, M
University of Toronto/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Varsity Concussion Program: Specificity and sensitivity of neuropsychological test battery Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. 903–904, 2007, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Comper2007,
title = {University of Toronto/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Varsity Concussion Program: Specificity and sensitivity of neuropsychological test battery},
author = {Comper, P and Richards, D and Mainwaring, L and Hutchison, M},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {903--904},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roebuck-Spencer, Tresa; Sun, Wenyu; Cernich, Alison N; Farmer, Kathy; Bleiberg, Joseph
Assessing change with the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM): Issues and challenges Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. S79–S87, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Roebuck-Spencer2007,
title = {Assessing change with the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM): Issues and challenges},
author = {Roebuck-Spencer, Tresa and Sun, Wenyu and Cernich, Alison N and Farmer, Kathy and Bleiberg, Joseph},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {S79--S87},
abstract = {Accurately documenting cognitive change is important, as neuropsychologists are routinely asked to determine cognitive change following disease progression or medical intervention. Computerized testing batteries, such as the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM), are good tools for assessing change, because they allow for randomization of stimuli, creating near limitless alternate forms and reducing practice effects. The question remains, however, as to how best to determine reliable change in performance using ANAM. The current study compared the use of Reliable Change Index (RCI) and regression based methods (REG) calculated from 28 individuals with migraine. These methods then were applied to an independent sample of 25 individuals with migraine assessed with ANAM at baseline, headache, and following pharmacologic treatment. Traditional repeated measures analyses revealed declines in cognitive efficiency following migraine onset on two of four ANAM tasks and significant improvement on all ANAM tasks following treatment. Rates of deterioration and improvement did not significantly differ between RCI and REG methods, although were slightly different across the ANAM tasks used in this study. A combined ANAM score categorized the most individuals as demonstrating cognitive change, revealing that 60% of subjects declined in performance following headache and 84% improved following migraine treatment. (c) 2006 National Academy of Neuropsychology.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Johnston, Karen M; McCrory, Paul
Predicting slow recovery from sport-related concussion: the new simple-complex distinction Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 17, pp. 330; author reply 330–1; discussion 331, 2007.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Johnston2007,
title = {Predicting slow recovery from sport-related concussion: the new simple-complex distinction},
author = {Johnston, Karen M and McCrory, Paul},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {17},
pages = {330; author reply 330--1; discussion 331},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Edwards, Ann; Whitefield, Vicky
Optimal application of neurocognitive testing in concussion management: A professional dilemma Journal Article
In: South African Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 19, pp. 101–102, 2007.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Edwards2007,
title = {Optimal application of neurocognitive testing in concussion management: A professional dilemma},
author = {Edwards, Ann and Whitefield, Vicky},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {South African Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {19},
pages = {101--102},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lange, R T; Iverson, G L; Franzen, M D
Neuropsychological outcome following complicated vs. uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. 900, 2007, ISSN: 0887-6177.
BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Lange2007,
title = {Neuropsychological outcome following complicated vs. uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Lange, R T and Iverson, G L and Franzen, M D},
issn = {0887-6177},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {900},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tombaugh, Tom N; Rees, Laura; Stormer, Peter; Harrison, Allyson G; Smith, Andra
The effects of mild and severe traumatic brain injury on speed of information processing as measured by the computerized tests of information processing (CTIP) Journal Article
In: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol. 22, pp. 25–36, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Assessment & Testing
@article{Tombaugh2007,
title = {The effects of mild and severe traumatic brain injury on speed of information processing as measured by the computerized tests of information processing (CTIP)},
author = {Tombaugh, Tom N and Rees, Laura and Stormer, Peter and Harrison, Allyson G and Smith, Andra},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology},
volume = {22},
pages = {25--36},
abstract = {In spite of the fact that reaction time (RT) measures are sensitive to the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), few RT procedures have been developed for use in standard clinical evaluations. The computerized test of information processing (CTIP) [Tombaugh, T. N., \& Rees, L. (2000). Manual for the computerized tests of information processing (CTIP). Ottawa, Ont.: Carleton University] was designed to measure the degree to which TBI decreases the speed at which information is processed. The CTIP consists of three computerized programs that progressively increase the amount of information that is processed. Results of the current study demonstrated that RT increased as the difficulty of the CTIP tests increased (known as the complexity effect), and as severity of injury increased (from mild to severe TBI). The current study also demonstrated the importance of selecting a non-biased measure of variability. Overall, findings suggest that the CTIP is an easy to administer and sensitive measure of information processing speed.},
keywords = {Assessment \& Testing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}